(Circulation. 1996;94:1600-1606.)
© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Effect of Atrial Fibrillation on Atrial Refractoriness in Humans
the Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Correspondence to Fred Morady, MD, University of Michigan Hospital, Division of Cardiology, B1-F245, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0022.
BackgroundThe acute effect of atrial fibrillation (AF) on the atrial effective refractory period (ERP) in humans is unknown.
Methods and Results In 20 patients without structural heart disease, the atrial ERP was measured before and after pacing-induced AF at drive cycle lengths of 350 and 500 ms. Immediately after spontaneous AF conversion, the post-AF ERP was measured. The pre-AF ERPs at 350 and 500 ms were 206±23 and 216±17 ms, respectively. The time to spontaneous conversion of AF was 7.3±1.9 minutes. The first post-AF ERPs at drive cycle lengths of 350 and 500 ms were 175±30 ms (P<.0001 versus pre-AF) and 191±30 ms (P<.0001 versus pre-AF), respectively. The post-AF ERP returned to the pre-AF ERP value after a mean of 8.4±0.3 minutes. In 15 patients, during the determination of the post-AF ERP, secondary episodes of AF lasting 1±1.5 minutes were reinduced 6±3 times per patient. There was a significant inverse logarithmic relationship between the time to reinduction of AF and the duration of secondary episodes of AF (P<.0001, r=.5).
Conclusions In humans, several minutes of induced AF is sufficient to shorten the ERP for up to 
8 minutes. The temporal recovery of the ERP is reflected in progressively shorter episodes of reinduced AF. These data imply that AF transiently shortens the atrial wavelength and suggest a mechanism by which AF may perpetuate itself.
Key Words: fibrillation • atrium • electrophysiology
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  Y. Etzion, M. Mor, A. Shalev, S. Dror, O. Etzion, A. Dagan, O. Beharier, A. Moran, and A. Katz New insights into the atrial electrophysiology of rodents using a novel modality: the miniature-bipolar hook electrode Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2008; 295(4): H1460 - H1469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Rostock, D. Steven, B. Lutomsky, H. Servatius, I. Drewitz, H. Klemm, K. Mullerleile, R. Ventura, T. Meinertz, and S. Willems Atrial fibrillation begets atrial fibrillation in the pulmonary veins on the impact of atrial fibrillation on the electrophysiological properties of the pulmonary veins in humans. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 3, 2008; 51(22): 2153 - 2160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. P. Knight The pulmonary veins speedy recoveries and early discharges. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 3, 2008; 51(22): 2161 - 2162. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. P. Regan, L. Kiss, G. L. Stump, C. J. McIntyre, D. C. Beshore, N. J. Liverton, C. J. Dinsmore, and J. J. Lynch Jr. Atrial Antifibrillatory Effects of Structurally Distinct IKur Blockers 3-[(Dimethylamino)methyl]-6-methoxy-2-methyl-4-phenylisoquinolin-1(2H)-one and 2-Phenyl-1,1-dipyridin-3-yl-2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethanol in Dogs with Underlying Heart Failure J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., January 1, 2008; 324(1): 322 - 330. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. A. Hafid, H. C. Xin, W. Xi, Z. Q. Yan, and Y. Bo Difference between electrical remodelling after pulmonary veins and right atrium appendage pacing Europace, July 13, 2007; (2007) eum108v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. K Nergardh, M. Rosenqvist, R. Nordlander, and M. Frick Maintenance of sinus rhythm with metoprolol CR initiated before cardioversion and repeated cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2007; 28(11): 1351 - 1357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. L. Stump, A. A. Wallace, C. P. Regan, and J. J. Lynch Jr. In Vivo Antiarrhythmic and Cardiac Electrophysiologic Effects of a Novel Diphenylphosphine Oxide IKur Blocker (2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl) Diphenylphosphine Oxide J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2005; 315(3): 1362 - 1367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Shah, F. G. Akar, and G. F. Tomaselli Molecular Basis of Arrhythmias Circulation, October 18, 2005; 112(16): 2517 - 2529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. A. Sosunov, E. P. Anyukhovsky, D. Hefer, T. S. Rosen, P. Danilo Jr., M. J. Janse, and M. R. Rosen Region-specific, pacing-induced changes in repolarization in rabbit atrium: An example of sensitivity to the rare Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2005; 67(2): 274 - 282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Scherlag, W. Yamanashi, U. Patel, R. Lazzara, and W. M. Jackman Autonomically Induced Conversion of Pulmonary Vein Focal Firing Into Atrial Fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 7, 2005; 45(11): 1878 - 1886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. G. Manios, E. M. Kallergis, E. M. Kanoupakis, H. E. Mavrakis, H. K. Mouloudi, N. K. Klapsinos, and P. E. Vardas Effects of successful cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation on right ventricular refractoriness and repolarization Europace, January 1, 2005; 7(1): 34 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Vollmann, E. Kollet, L. Lüthje, S. Busse, and C. Unterberg Comparison of immediate and delayed automatic antitachycardia pacing for the termination of atrial tachyarrhythmias Europace, January 1, 2005; 7(3): 248 - 254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Sticherling, S. Behrens, W. Kamke, A. Stahn, and M. Zabel Comparison of acute and long-term effects of single-dose amiodarone and verapamil for the treatment of immediate recurrences of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic cardioversion Europace, January 1, 2005; 7(6): 546 - 553. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Deroubaix, T. Folliguet, C. Rucker-Martin, S. Dinanian, C. Boixel, P. Validire, P. Daniel, A. Capderou, and S. N. Hatem Moderate and chronic hemodynamic overload of sheep atria induces reversible cellular electrophysiologic abnormalities and atrial vulnerability J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 2, 2004; 44(9): 1918 - 1926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C-J A Lindholm, O Fredholm, S-J Moller, N Edvardsson, T Kronvall, T Pettersson, V Firsovaite, A Roijer, C J Meurling, P G Platonov, et al. Sinus rhythm maintenance following DC cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is not improved by temporary precardioversion treatment with oral verapamil Heart, May 1, 2004; 90(5): 534 - 538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Todd, S. P. Fynn, A. P. Walden, W. J. Hobbs, S. Arya, and C. J. Garratt Repetitive 4-Week Periods of Atrial Electrical Remodeling Promote Stability of Atrial Fibrillation: Time Course of a Second Factor Involved in the Self-Perpetuation of Atrial Fibrillation Circulation, March 23, 2004; 109(11): 1434 - 1439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Spurrell, K. Kamalvand, M. Higson, and N. Sulke Temporal changes in atrial refractoriness following DC cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation in man Europace, January 1, 2004; 6(3): 229 - 235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. De Simone, M. De Pasquale, C. De Matteis, M. Canciello, M. Manzo, L. Sabino, F. Alfano, M. Di Mauro, A. Campana, G. De Fabrizio, et al. VErapamil Plus Antiarrhythmic drugs Reduce Atrial Fibrillation recurrences after an electrical cardioversion (VEPARAF Study) Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2003; 24(15): 1425 - 1429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. Bosch, C. R. Scherer, N. Rub, S. Wohrl, K. Steinmeyer, H. Haase, A. E. Busch, L. Seipel, and V. Kuhlkamp Molecular mechanisms of early electrical remodeling: transcriptional downregulation of ion channel subunits reduces ICa,L and Ito in rapid atrial pacing in rabbits J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 5, 2003; 41(5): 858 - 869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S K S Lairikyengbam, M H Anderson, and A G Davies Present treatment options for atrial fibrillation Postgrad. Med. J., February 1, 2003; 79(928): 67 - 73. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Savelieva and A. John Camm Atrial fibrillation and heart failure: natural history and pharmacological treatment Europace, January 1, 2003; 5(s1): S5 - S19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-F. Tse and C.-P. Lau Electrophysiologic actions of dl-sotalolin patients with persistent atrial fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 18, 2002; 40(12): 2150 - 2155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Jais, M. Hocini, L. Macle, K.-J. Choi, I. Deisenhofer, R. Weerasooriya, D. C. Shah, S. Garrigue, F. Raybaud, C. Scavee, et al. Distinctive Electrophysiological Properties of Pulmonary Veins in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Circulation, November 5, 2002; 106(19): 2479 - 2485. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Fynn and C. J. Garratt The effectiveness of serial cardioversion therapy for recurrence of atrial fibrillation Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2002; 23(19): 1487 - 1489. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Sticherling, M. Ozaydin, H. Tada, H. Oral, F. Pelosi, B. P. Knight, S. A. Strickberger, and F. Morady Comparison of Verapamil and Ibutilide for the Suppression of Immediate Recurrences of Atrial Fibrillation after Transthoracic Cardioversion Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, September 1, 2002; 7(3): 155 - 160. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Schwartzman, S. K. Musley, C. Swerdlow, R. H. Hoyt, and E. N. Warman early recurrence of atrial fibrillation after ambulatory shock conversion J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 3, 2002; 40(1): 93 - 99. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Goette, M. Arndt, C. Rocken, T. Staack, R. Bechtloff, D. Reinhold, C. Huth, S. Ansorge, H. U. Klein, and U. Lendeckel Calpains and cytokines in fibrillating human atria Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): H264 - H272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Xie, Z. Qu, A. Garfinkel, and J. N. Weiss Electrical refractory period restitution and spiral wave reentry in simulated cardiac tissue Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): H448 - H460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Biffi, G Boriani, M Bartolotti, L Bacchi Reggiani, R Zannoli, and A Branzi Atrial fibrillation recurrence after internal cardioversion: prognostic importance of electrophysiological parameters Heart, May 1, 2002; 87(5): 443 - 448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Allessie, J. Ausma, and U. Schotten Electrical, contractile and structural remodeling during atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2002; 54(2): 230 - 246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F Bosch and S. Nattel Cellular electrophysiology of atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2002; 54(2): 259 - 269. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Korte, M. Niehaus, G. Borchert, and J. Tebbenjohanns Significant prolongation of atrial monophasic action potential duration: short-term reverse electrophysiological changes after internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2002; 53(4): 944 - 951. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J Workman, K. A Kane, and A. C Rankin The contribution of ionic currents to changes in refractoriness of human atrial myocytes associated with chronic atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2001; 52(2): 226 - 235. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Rahme, G. Ungab, M. Wadhwa, F. Al-Kandari, B. Yao, A. Gupta, K. Lee, H.-Y. Kim, and G. K. Feld Electrophysiologic and Antiarrhythmic Effects of the New Class III Antiarrhythmic Drug KCB-328 in Experimental Canine Atrial Flutter Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, September 1, 2001; 6(3): 297 - 306. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P.E. Vardas, E.G. Manios, E.M. Kanoupakis, D.N. Dermitzaki, H.E. Mavrakis, and E.M. Kallergis Atrial defibrillation threshold in humans minutes after atrial fibrillation induction. 'a stitch in time saves nine' Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2001; 22(17): 1613 - 1617. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. BERTAGLIA, D. D'ESTE, A. ZANOCCO, F. ZERBO, and P. PASCOTTO Effects of pretreatment with verapamil on early recurrences after electrical cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation: a randomised study Heart, May 1, 2001; 85(5): 578 - 580. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C Pandozi and M Santini Update on atrial remodelling owing to rate. Does atrial fibrillation always 'beget' atrial fibrillation? Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2001; 22(7): 541 - 553. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Sun, D. Chartier, N. Leblanc, and S. Nattel Intracellular calcium changes and tachycardia-induced contractile dysfunction in canine atrial myocytes Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2001; 49(4): 751 - 761. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Pandozi, L. Bianconi, L. Calo, A. Castro, F. Lamberti, M. C. Scianaro, G. Gentilucci, and M. Santini Postcardioversion atrial electrophysiologic changes induced by oral verapamil in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 2000; 36(7): 2234 - 2241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Sticherling, H. Oral, J. Horrocks, S. P. Chough, R. L. Baker, M. H. Kim, K. Wasmer, F. Pelosi, B. P. Knight, G. F. Michaud, et al. Effects of Digoxin on Acute, Atrial Fibrillation-Induced Changes in Atrial Refractoriness Circulation, November 14, 2000; 102(20): 2503 - 2508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-J. Chen, S.-A. Chen, M.-S. Chang, and C.-I Lin Arrhythmogenic activity of cardiac muscle in pulmonary veins of the dog: implication for the genesis of atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2000; 48(2): 265 - 273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. B. Sparks, S. Jayaprakash, J. K. Vohra, and J. M. Kalman Electrical Remodeling of the Atria Associated With Paroxysmal and Chronic Atrial Flutter Circulation, October 10, 2000; 102(15): 1807 - 1813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. J. Sih, D. P. Zipes, E. J. Berbari, D. E. Adams, and J. E. Olgin Differences in organization between acute and chronic atrial fibrillation in dogs J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2000; 36(3): 924 - 931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bollmann Quantification of electrical remodeling in human atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2000; 47(2): 207 - 209. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. G. Manios, E. M. Kanoupakis, G. I. Chlouverakis, M. D. Kaleboubas, H. E. Mavrakis, and P. E. Vardas Changes in atrial electrical properties following cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation: relation with recurrence Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2000; 47(2): 244 - 253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Yamada, J. Hayano, S. Sakata, A. Okada, S. Mukai, N. Ohte, and G. Kimura Reduced Ventricular Response Irregularity Is Associated With Increased Mortality in Patients With Chronic Atrial Fibrillation Circulation, July 18, 2000; 102(3): 300 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Kuhlkamp, A. Schirdewan, K. Stangl, M. Homberg, M. Ploch, and O. A. Beck Use of metoprolol CR/XL to maintain sinus rhythm after conversion from persistent atrial fibrillation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 1, 2000; 36(1): 139 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Nakashima, K. Kumagai, H. Urata, N. Gondo, M. Ideishi, and K. Arakawa Angiotensin II Antagonist Prevents Electrical Remodeling in Atrial Fibrillation Circulation, June 6, 2000; 101(22): 2612 - 2617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. M.W. van der Velden, J. Ausma, M. B. Rook, A. J.C.G.M. Hellemons, T. A.A.B. van Veen, M. A. Allessie, and H. J. Jongsma Gap junctional remodeling in relation to stabilization of atrial fibrillation in the goat Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2000; 46(3): 476 - 486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Scheinman Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: is a cure at hand? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2000; 35(6): 1687 - 1692. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S Niwano, Y Kitano, M Moriguchi, and T Izumi Transient appearance of antegrade conduction via an AV accessory pathway caused by atrial fibrillation in a patient with intermittent Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome Heart, May 1, 2000; 83(5): 8e - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Yamashita, Y. Murakawa, N. Hayami, E.-i. Fukui, Y. Kasaoka, M. Inoue, and M. Omata Short-Term Effects of Rapid Pacing on mRNA Level of Voltage-Dependent K+ Channels in Rat Atrium : Electrical Remodeling in Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia Circulation, April 25, 2000; 101(16): 2007 - 2014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. V. Jayachandran, D. P. Zipes, J. Weksler, and J. E. Olgin Role of the Na+/H+ Exchanger in Short-Term Atrial Electrophysiological Remodeling Circulation, April 18, 2000; 101(15): 1861 - 1866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. J. C. Hobbs, S. Fynn, D. M. Todd, P. Wolfson, M. Galloway, and C. J. Garratt Reversal of Atrial Electrical Remodeling After Cardioversion of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation in Humans Circulation, March 14, 2000; 101(10): 1145 - 1151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. V. Jayachandran, H. J. Sih, W. Winkle, D. P. Zipes, G. D. Hutchins, and J. E. Olgin Atrial Fibrillation Produced by Prolonged Rapid Atrial Pacing Is Associated With Heterogeneous Changes in Atrial Sympathetic Innervation Circulation, March 14, 2000; 101(10): 1185 - 1191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. W. Hogue Jr and M. L. Hyder Atrial fibrillation after cardiac operation: risks, mechanisms, and treatment Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 2000; 69(1): 300 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Dorian and D. Newman Rate dependence of the effect of antiarrhythmic drugs delaying cardiac repolarization: an overview Europace, January 1, 2000; 2(4): 277 - 285. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Fareh, A. Benardeau, B. Thibault, and S. Nattel The T-Type Ca2+ Channel Blocker Mibefradil Prevents the Development of a Substrate for Atrial Fibrillation by Tachycardia-Induced Atrial Remodeling in Dogs Circulation, November 23, 1999; 100(21): 2191 - 2197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Rahme, B. Cotter, E. Leistad, M. K. Wadhwa, R. Mohabir, A. P. D. W. Ford, R. M. Eglen, and G. K. Feld Electrophysiological and Antiarrhythmic Effects of the Atrial Selective 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonist RS-100302 in Experimental Atrial Flutter and Fibrillation Circulation, November 9, 1999; 100(19): 2010 - 2017. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. B. Sparks, H. G. Mond, J. K. Vohra, S. Jayaprakash, and J. M. Kalman Electrical Remodeling of the Atria Following Loss of Atrioventricular Synchrony : A Long-Term Study in Humans Circulation, November 2, 1999; 100(18): 1894 - 1900. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bollmann, K. Sonne, H.-D. Esperer, I. Toepffer, J. J Langberg, and H. U Klein Non-invasive assessment of fibrillatory activity in patients with paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation using the Holter ECG Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 1999; 44(1): 60 - 66. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. F. Bosch, X. Zeng, J. B. Grammer, K. Popovic, C. Mewis, and V. Kuhlkamp Ionic mechanisms of electrical remodeling in human atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 1999; 44(1): 121 - 131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. De Simone, G. Stabile, D. F. Vitale, P. Turco, M. Di Stasio, F. Petrazzuoli, M. Gasparini, C. De Matteis, R. Rotunno, and T. Di Napoli Pretreatment with verapamil in patients with persistent or chronic atrial fibrillation who underwent electrical cardioversion J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 1999; 34(3): 810 - 814. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H-F Tse, C-P Lau, and G M Ayers Incidence and modes of onset of early reinitiation of atrial fibrillation after successful internal cardioversion, and its prevention by intravenous sotalol Heart, September 1, 1999; 82(3): 319 - 324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L.-M. Rodriguez, C. Timmermans, and H. J. J. Wellens Are Electrophysiological Changes Induced by Longer Lasting Atrial Fibrillation Reversible? : Observations Using the Atrial Defibrillator Circulation, July 13, 1999; 100(2): 113 - 116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kamalvand, K. Tan, G. Lloyd, J. Gill, C. Bucknall, and N. Sulke Alterations in atrial electrophysiology associated with chronic atrial fibrillation in man Eur. Heart J., June 2, 1999; 20(12): 888 - 895. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Nattel Atrial electrophysiological remodeling caused by rapid atrial activation: underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance to atrial fibrillation Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 1999; 42(2): 298 - 308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-C. Yu, S.-H. Lee, C.-T. Tai, C.-F. Tsai, M.-H. Hsieh, C.-C. Chen, Y.-A. Ding, M.-S. Chang, and S.-A. Chen Reversal of atrial electrical remodeling following cardioversion of long-standing atrial fibrillation in man Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 1999; 42(2): 470 - 476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L.-P. Lai, M.-J. Su, J.-L. Lin, F.-Y. Lin, C.-H. Tsai, Y.-S. Chen, S. K. S. Huang, Y.-Z. Tseng, and W.-P. Lien Down-regulation of L-type calcium channel and sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+-ATPase mRNA in human atrial fibrillation without significant change in the mRNA of ryanodine receptor, calsequestrin and phospholamban: An insight into the mechanism of atrial electrical remodeling J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 1999; 33(5): 1231 - 1237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-H. Lee, F.-Y. Lin, W.-C. Yu, J.-J. Cheng, P. Kuan, C.-R. Hung, M.-S. Chang, and S.-A. Chen Regional Differences in the Recovery Course of Tachycardia-Induced Changes of Atrial Electrophysiological Properties Circulation, March 9, 1999; 99(9): 1255 - 1264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. B. Sparks, S. Jayaprakash, H. G. Mond, J. K. Vohra, L. E. Grigg, and J. M. Kalman Left atrial mechanical function after brief duration atrial fibrillation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 1, 1999; 33(2): 342 - 349. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Valderrabano and B. N. Singh Review : Electrophysiologic and Antiarrhythmic Effects of Propafenone: Focus on Atrial Fibrillation Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, January 1, 1999; 4(3): 183 - 198. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Pandozi, L. Bianconi, M. Villani, G. Gentilucci, A. Castro, G. Altamura, A. P. Jesi, F. Lamberti, F. Ammirati, and M. Santini Electrophysiological Characteristics of the Human Atria After Cardioversion of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Circulation, December 22, 1998; 98(25): 2860 - 2865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. S PETERS Atrial fibrillation: towards an understanding of initiation, perpetuation, and specific treatment Heart, December 1, 1998; 80(6): 533 - 534. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Fareh, C. Villemaire, and S. Nattel Importance of Refractoriness Heterogeneity in the Enhanced Vulnerability to Atrial Fibrillation Induction Caused by Tachycardia-Induced Atrial Electrical Remodeling Circulation, November 17, 1998; 98(20): 2202 - 2209. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Janse, T. Opthof, and A. G. Kleber Animal models of cardiac arrhythmias Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 1998; 39(1): 165 - 177. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-C. Yu, S.-A. Chen, S.-H. Lee, C.-T. Tai, A.-N. Feng, B. I.-T. Kuo, Y.-A. Ding, and M.-S. Chang Tachycardia-Induced Change of Atrial Refractory Period in Humans : Rate Dependency and Effects of Antiarrhythmic Drugs Circulation, June 16, 1998; 97(23): 2331 - 2337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. E. F. Wijffels, C. J. H. J. Kirchhof, R. Dorland, J. Power, and M. A. Allessie Electrical Remodeling due to Atrial Fibrillation in Chronically Instrumented Conscious Goats : Roles of Neurohumoral Changes, Ischemia, Atrial Stretch, and High Rate of Electrical Activation Circulation, November 18, 1997; 96(10): 3710 - 3720. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. G. Daoud, B. P. Knight, R. Weiss, M. Bahu, W. Paladino, R. Goyal, K. C. Man, S. A. Strickberger, and F. Morady Effect of Verapamil and Procainamide on Atrial Fibrillation–Induced Electrical Remodeling in Humans Circulation, September 2, 1997; 96(5): 1542 - 1550. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. R. Van Wagoner, A. L. Pond, P. M. McCarthy, J. S. Trimmer, and J. M. Nerbonne Outward K+ Current Densities and Kv1.5 Expression Are Reduced in Chronic Human Atrial Fibrillation Circ. Res., June 19, 1997; 80(6): 772 - 781. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. P. Zipes Electrophysiological Remodeling of the Heart Owing to Rate Circulation, April 1, 1997; 95(7): 1745 - 1748. [Full Text]
|
|