(Circulation. 1996;94:2850-2855.)
© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Impact of Reduced Heart Rate Variability on Risk for Cardiac Events
The Framingham Heart Study
Kansai Medical University (H.T.), Osaka, Japan; Lahey Clinic Medical Center (F.J.V.), Burlington, Mass; Framingham Heart Study (H.T., M.G.L., E.S.M., J.C.E., D.L.), Framingham, Mass; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (D.L.), Bethesda, Md; Brigham and Women's Hospital (C.L.F.), Boston, Mass; the Divisions of Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology of Beth Israel Hospital (D.L.), Boston, Mass; and the Divisions of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine of Boston University School of Medicine (D.L.), Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Daniel Levy, MD, Framingham Heart Study, 5 Thurber St, Framingham, MA 01701.
Background Although heart rate variability (HRV) is altered in a variety of pathological conditions, the association of reduced HRV with risk for new cardiac events has not been studied in a large community-based population.
Methods and Results The first 2 hours of ambulatory ECG recordings obtained on subjects of the Framingham Heart Study who were free of clinically apparent coronary heart disease or congestive heart failure were reprocessed to assess HRV. Five frequency-domain measures and three time-domain measures were obtained. The associations between HRV measures and the incidence of new cardiac events (angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death, or congestive heart failure) were assessed with proportional hazards regression analyses. There were 2501 eligible subjects with a mean age of 53 years. During a mean follow-up of 3.5 years, cardiac events occurred in 58 subjects. After adjustment for age, sex, cigarette smoking, diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy, and other relevant risk factors, all HRV measures except the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power were significantly associated with risk for a cardiac event (P=.0016 to .0496). A one–standard deviation decrement in the standard deviation of total normal RR intervals (natural log transformed) was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.47 for new cardiac events (95% confidence interval of 1.16 to 1.86).
Conclusions The estimation of HRV by ambulatory monitoring offers prognostic information beyond that provided by the evaluation of traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Key Words: heart rate • electrocardiography • prognosis • epidemiology
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  C Ren, A Baccarelli, E Wilker, H Suh, D Sparrow, P Vokonas, R Wright, and J Schwartz Lipid and endothelium-related genes, ambient particulate matter, and heart rate variability--the VA Normative Aging Study J Epidemiol Community Health, January 1, 2010; 64(01): 49 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. P. Sloan, P. A. Shapiro, E. E. Gorenstein, F. A. Tager, C. E. Monk, P. S. McKinley, M. M. Myers, E. Bagiella, I. Chen, R. Steinman, et al. Cardiac Autonomic Control and Treatment of Hostility: A Randomized Controlled Trial Psychosom Med, January 1, 2010; 72(1): 1 - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Hazari, N. Haykal-Coates, D. W. Winsett, D. L. Costa, and A. K. Farraj A Single Exposure to Particulate or Gaseous Air Pollution Increases the Risk of Aconitine-Induced Cardiac Arrhythmia in Hypertensive Rats Toxicol. Sci., December 1, 2009; 112(2): 532 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-H. Chen, S.-Y. Tsai, H.-C. Lee, and H.-C. Lin Increased Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction for Patients With Panic Disorder: A Nationwide Population-Based Study Psychosom Med, September 1, 2009; 71(7): 798 - 804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. C. Parrish, E. N. Alston, H. Rohrer, S. M. Hermes, S. A. Aicher, P. Nkadi, W. R. Woodward, J. Stubbusch, R. T. Gardner, and B. A. Habecker Absence of gp130 in dopamine {beta}-hydroxylase-expressing neurons leads to autonomic imbalance and increased reperfusion arrhythmias Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2009; 297(3): H960 - H967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. F. Folino, M. L. Scapellato, C. Canova, P. Maestrelli, G. Bertorelli, L. Simonato, S. Iliceto, and M. Lotti Individual exposure to particulate matter and the short-term arrhythmic and autonomic profiles in patients with myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., July 1, 2009; 30(13): 1614 - 1620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. M. Licht, E. J. C. de Geus, R. van Dyck, and B. W. J. H. Penninx Association between Anxiety Disorders and Heart Rate Variability in The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) Psychosom Med, June 1, 2009; 71(5): 508 - 518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. P. Sloan, P. A. Shapiro, R. E. DeMeersman, E. Bagiella, E. N. Brondolo, P. S. McKinley, I. Slavov, Y. Fang, and M. M. Myers The Effect of Aerobic Training and Cardiac Autonomic Regulation in Young Adults Am J Public Health, May 1, 2009; 99(5): 921 - 928. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. LAUER Autonomic function and prognosis Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, April 1, 2009; 76(Suppl_2): S18 - S22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. C. Fang, J. M. Cavallari, E. A. Eisen, J.-C. Chen, M. A. Mittleman, and D. C. Christiani Vascular Function, Inflammation, and Variations in Cardiac Autonomic Responses to Particulate Matter Among Welders Am. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2009; 169(7): 848 - 856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. K. Park, K. L Tucker, M. S O'Neill, D. Sparrow, P. S Vokonas, H. Hu, and J. Schwartz Fruit, vegetable, and fish consumption and heart rate variability: the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2009; 89(3): 778 - 786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.-X. Zhou, J. Lei, C. Fang, Y.-L. Zhang, and J.-F. Wang Ventricular electrophysiology in congestive heart failure and its correlation with heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity: a canine model study Europace, February 1, 2009; 11(2): 245 - 251. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L.S. Ljungman, N. Berglind, C. Holmgren, F. Gadler, N. Edvardsson, G. Pershagen, M. Rosenqvist, B. Sjogren, and T. Bellander Rapid effects of air pollution on ventricular arrhythmias Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2008; 29(23): 2894 - 2901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. M. Licht, E. J. C. de Geus, F. G. Zitman, W. J. G. Hoogendijk, R. van Dyck, and B. W. J. H. Penninx Association Between Major Depressive Disorder and Heart Rate Variability in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) Arch Gen Psychiatry, December 1, 2008; 65(12): 1358 - 1367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Kikuya, T. Ohkubo, H. Metoki, K. Asayama, A. Hara, T. Obara, R. Inoue, H. Hoshi, J. Hashimoto, K. Totsune, et al. Day-by-Day Variability of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate at Home as a Novel Predictor of Prognosis: The Ohasama Study Hypertension, December 1, 2008; 52(6): 1045 - 1050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. L. Teff Visceral Nerves: Vagal and Sympathetic Innervation JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, September 1, 2008; 32(5): 569 - 571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L Bosquet, S Merkari, D Arvisais, and A E Aubert Is heart rate a convenient tool to monitor over-reaching? A systematic review of the literature Br. J. Sports Med., September 1, 2008; 42(9): 709 - 714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Z. Simkhovich, M. T. Kleinman, and R. A. Kloner Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Injury: Epidemiology, Toxicology, and Mechanisms J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 26, 2008; 52(9): 719 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Langelotz, M. Scharfenberg, O. Haase, and W. Schwenk Stress and Heart Rate Variability in Surgeons During a 24-Hour Shift Arch Surg, August 1, 2008; 143(8): 751 - 755. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. K. Park, M. S. O'Neill, P. S. Vokonas, D. Sparrow, A. Spiro III, K. L. Tucker, H. Suh, H. Hu, and J. Schwartz Traffic-related Particles Are Associated with Elevated Homocysteine: The VA Normative Aging Study Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 1, 2008; 178(3): 283 - 289. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Vaccarino, R. Lampert, J. D. Bremner, F. Lee, S. Su, C. Maisano, N. V. Murrah, L. Jones, F. Jawed, N. Afzal, et al. Depressive Symptoms and Heart Rate Variability: Evidence for a Shared Genetic Substrate in a Study of Twins Psychosom Med, July 1, 2008; 70(6): 628 - 636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Howden, E. Liu, L. Miller-DeGraff, H. L. Keener, C. Walker, J. A. Clark, P. H. Myers, D. C. Rouse, T. Wiltshire, and S. R. Kleeberger The genetic contribution to heart rate and heart rate variability in quiescent mice Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2008; 295(1): H59 - H68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. K. Lahiri, P. J. Kannankeril, and J. J. Goldberger Assessment of Autonomic Function in Cardiovascular Disease: Physiological Basis and Prognostic Implications J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 6, 2008; 51(18): 1725 - 1733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Baccarelli, P. A. Cassano, A. Litonjua, S. K. Park, H. Suh, D. Sparrow, P. Vokonas, and J. Schwartz Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction: Effects From Particulate Air Pollution and Protection by Dietary Methyl Nutrients and Metabolic Polymorphisms Circulation, April 8, 2008; 117(14): 1802 - 1809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. Bleil, P. J. Gianaros, J. R. Jennings, J. D. Flory, and S. B. Manuck Trait Negative Affect: Toward an Integrated Model of Understanding Psychological Risk for Impairment in Cardiac Autonomic Function Psychosom Med, April 1, 2008; 70(3): 328 - 337. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Golbin, V. K. Somers, and S. M. Caples Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Cardiovascular Disease, and Pulmonary Hypertension Proceedings of the ATS, February 15, 2008; 5(2): 200 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Biondi and D. S. Cooper The Clinical Significance of Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2008; 29(1): 76 - 131. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Ohira, A. V. D. Roux, R. J. Prineas, M. A. Kizilbash, M. R. Carnethon, and A. R. Folsom Associations of Psychosocial Factors With Heart Rate and Its Short-Term Variability: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Psychosom Med, February 1, 2008; 70(2): 141 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Galetta, F. Franzoni, P. Fallahi, L. Tocchini, L. Braccini, G. Santoro, and A. Antonelli Changes in heart rate variability and QT dispersion in patients with overt hypothyroidism Eur. J. Endocrinol., January 1, 2008; 158(1): 85 - 90. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Perciaccante, A. Fiorentini, R. Valente, M. Granata, and L. Tubani Migraine and Heart Rate Variability Arch Intern Med, November 12, 2007; 167(20): 2264 - 2264. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. S. Heffernan, C. A. Fahs, K. K. Shinsako, S. Y. Jae, and B. Fernhall Heart rate recovery and heart rate complexity following resistance exercise training and detraining in young men Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2007; 293(5): H3180 - H3186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Marsland, P. J. Gianaros, A. A. Prather, J. R. Jennings, S. A. Neumann, and S. B. Manuck Stimulated Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines Covaries Inversely With Heart Rate Variability Psychosom Med, October 1, 2007; 69(8): 709 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Felber Dietrich, J. Schwartz, C. Schindler, J.-M. Gaspoz, J.-C. Barthelemy, J.-M. Tschopp, F. Roche, A. von Eckardstein, O. Brandli, P. Leuenberger, et al. Effects of passive smoking on heart rate variability, heart rate and blood pressure: an observational study Int. J. Epidemiol., August 1, 2007; 36(4): 834 - 840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Buchheit, Y. Papelier, P. B. Laursen, and S. Ahmaidi Noninvasive assessment of cardiac parasympathetic function: postexercise heart rate recovery or heart rate variability? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): H8 - H10. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K. Park, M. S. O'Neill, R. O. Wright, H. Hu, P. S. Vokonas, D. Sparrow, H. Suh, and J. Schwartz HFE Genotype, Particulate Air Pollution, and Heart Rate Variability: A Gene-Environment Interaction Circulation, December 19, 2006; 114(25): 2798 - 2805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. L. Brooks, K. L. Freeman, and Y. Qi Time course of synergistic interaction between DOCA and salt on blood pressure: roles of vasopressin and hepatic osmoreceptors Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2006; 291(6): R1825 - R1834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Schubiner, B. Hassunizadeh, and R. Kaczynski A controlled study of autonomic nervous system function in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treated with stimulant medications: results of a pilot study. J Atten Disord, November 1, 2006; 10(2): 205 - 211. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Shibata, R. Zhang, J. Hastings, Q. Fu, K. Okazaki, K.-i. Iwasaki, and B. D. Levine Cascade model of ventricular-arterial coupling and arterial-cardiac baroreflex function for cardiovascular variability in humans Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2006; 291(5): H2142 - H2151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Zhong, K.-M. Jan, K. H. Ju, and K. H. Chon Quantifying cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous activities using principal dynamic modes analysis of heart rate variability Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2006; 291(3): H1475 - H1483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Felber Dietrich, C. Schindler, J. Schwartz, J.-C. Barthelemy, J.-M. Tschopp, F. Roche, A. von Eckardstein, O. Brandli, P. Leuenberger, D. R. Gold, et al. Heart rate variability in an ageing population and its association with lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors: results of the SAPALDIA study Europace, July 1, 2006; 8(7): 521 - 529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Buchheit and C. Gindre Cardiac parasympathetic regulation: respective associations with cardiorespiratory fitness and training load Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2006; 291(1): H451 - H458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Goldberger, F. K. Le, M. Lahiri, P. J. Kannankeril, J. Ng, and A. H. Kadish Assessment of parasympathetic reactivation after exercise Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): H2446 - H2452. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Petrova, R. Townsend, and K. L. Teff Prolonged (48-Hour) Modest Hyperinsulinemia Decreases Nocturnal Heart Rate Variability and Attenuates the Nocturnal Decrease in Blood Pressure in Lean, Normotensive Humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2006; 91(3): 851 - 859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Irwin, E. M. Valladares, S. Motivala, J. F. Thayer, and C. L. Ehlers Association Between Nocturnal Vagal Tone and Sleep Depth, Sleep Quality, and Fatigue in Alcohol Dependence Psychosom Med, January 1, 2006; 68(1): 159 - 166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Schwartz, S. K. Park, M. S. O'Neill, P. S. Vokonas, D. Sparrow, S. Weiss, and K. Kelsey Glutathione-S-Transferase M1, Obesity, Statins, and Autonomic Effects of Particles: Gene-by-Drug-by-Environment Interaction Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 15, 2005; 172(12): 1529 - 1533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. M. Caples, A. S. Gami, and V. K. Somers Obstructive Sleep Apnea Focus, October 1, 2005; 3(4): 557 - 567. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E Ronkainen, H Ansakorpi, H V Huikuri, V V Myllyla, J I T Isojarvi, and J T Korpelainen Suppressed circadian heart rate dynamics in temporal lobe epilepsy J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, October 1, 2005; 76(10): 1382 - 1386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Okazaki, K.-i. Iwasaki, A. Prasad, M. D. Palmer, E. R. Martini, Q. Fu, A. Arbab-Zadeh, R. Zhang, and B. D. Levine Dose-response relationship of endurance training for autonomic circulatory control in healthy seniors J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2005; 99(3): 1041 - 1049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Carrere, D. Yoshimoto, A. Mittmann, E. M. Woodin, A. Tabares, J. Ullman, C. Swanson, and M. Hawkins The Roles of Marriage and Anger Dysregulation in Biobehavioral Stress Responses Biol Res Nurs, July 1, 2005; 7(1): 30 - 43. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Gianaros, K. Salomon, F. Zhou, J. F. Owens, D. Edmundowicz, L. H. Kuller, and K. A. Matthews A Greater Reduction in High-Frequency Heart Rate Variability to a Psychological Stressor is Associated With Subclinical Coronary and Aortic Calcification in Postmenopausal Women Psychosom Med, July 1, 2005; 67(4): 553 - 560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. F. Berkman Tracking Social and Biological Experiences: The Social Etiology of Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, June 14, 2005; 111(23): 3022 - 3024. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Hemingway, M. Shipley, E. Brunner, A. Britton, M. Malik, and M. Marmot Does Autonomic Function Link Social Position to Coronary Risk?: The Whitehall II Study Circulation, June 14, 2005; 111(23): 3071 - 3077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J N Townend The way to dusty death? Thorax, June 1, 2005; 60(6): 441 - 442. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J Schwartz, A Litonjua, H Suh, M Verrier, A Zanobetti, M Syring, B Nearing, R Verrier, P Stone, G MacCallum, et al. Traffic related pollution and heart rate variability in a panel of elderly subjects Thorax, June 1, 2005; 60(6): 455 - 461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Holguin, M. M. Tellez-Rojo, M. Lazo, D. Mannino, J. Schwartz, M. Hernandez, and I. Romieu Cardiac Autonomic Changes Associated With Fish Oil vs Soy Oil Supplementation in the Elderly Chest, April 1, 2005; 127(4): 1102 - 1107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P Sloan, M.-H. Huang, S. Sidney, K. Liu, O D. Williams, and T. Seeman Socioeconomic status and health: is parasympathetic nervous system activity an intervening mechanism? Int. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2005; 34(2): 309 - 315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Neumann, E. C. Lawrence, J. R. Jennings, R. E. Ferrell, and S. B. Manuck Heart Rate Variability Is Associated With Polymorphic Variation in the Choline Transporter Gene Psychosom Med, March 1, 2005; 67(2): 168 - 171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Tahara, H. Takaki, A. Taguchi, K. Suyama, T. Kurita, W. Shimizu, S. Miyazaki, T. Kawada, and K. Sunagawa Pronounced HR variability after exercise in inferior ischemia: evidence that the cardioinhibitory vagal reflex is invoked by exercise-induced inferior ischemia Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): H1179 - H1185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. M. Caples, A. S. Gami, and V. K. Somers Obstructive Sleep Apnea Ann Intern Med, February 1, 2005; 142(3): 187 - 197. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Buchheit, C. Simon, F. Piquard, J. Ehrhart, and G. Brandenberger Effects of increased training load on vagal-related indexes of heart rate variability: a novel sleep approach Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): H2813 - H2818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. H.M. Kupper, G. Willemsen, M. van den Berg, D. de Boer, D. Posthuma, D. I. Boomsma, and E. J.C. de Geus Heritability of Ambulatory Heart Rate Variability Circulation, November 2, 2004; 110(18): 2792 - 2796. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Makikallio, T. H. Makikallio, J. T. Korpelainen, K. A. Sotaniemi, H. V. Huikuri, and V. V. Myllyla Heart rate dynamics predict poststroke mortality Neurology, May 25, 2004; 62(10): 1822 - 1826. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. S. Kinder, M. R. Carnethon, L. P. Palaniappan, A. C. King, and S. P. Fortmann Depression and the Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults: Findings From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Psychosom Med, May 1, 2004; 66(3): 316 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Liao, Y. Duan, E. A. Whitsel, Z.-j. Zheng, G. Heiss, V. M. Chinchilli, and H.-M. Lin Association of Higher Levels of Ambient Criteria Pollutants with Impaired Cardiac Autonomic Control: A Population-based Study Am. J. Epidemiol., April 15, 2004; 159(8): 768 - 777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Sajadieh, O. W. Nielsen, V. Rasmussen, H. O. Hein, S. Abedini, and J. F. Hansen Increased heart rate and reduced heart-rate variability are associated with subclinical inflammation in middle-aged and elderly subjects with no apparent heart disease Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2004; 25(5): 363 - 370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. S. Fox, L. Sullivan, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, and P. W.F. Wilson The Significant Effect of Diabetes Duration on Coronary Heart Disease Mortality: The Framingham Heart Study Diabetes Care, March 1, 2004; 27(3): 704 - 708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R J Winsley, N Armstrong, K Bywater, and S G Fawkner Reliability of heart rate variability measures at rest and during light exercise in children Br. J. Sports Med., December 1, 2003; 37(6): 550 - 552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Krittayaphong, G. Veerakul, K. Nademanee, and C. Kangkagate Heart rate variability in patients with Brugada syndrome in Thailand Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2003; 24(19): 1771 - 1778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-i. Iwasaki, R. Zhang, J. H. Zuckerman, and B. D. Levine Dose-response relationship of the cardiovascular adaptation to endurance training in healthy adults: how much training for what benefit? J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2003; 95(4): 1575 - 1583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Hakansson, P. Gustavsson, A. Sastre, and B. Floderus Occupational Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields and Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease Am. J. Epidemiol., September 15, 2003; 158(6): 534 - 542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Virtanen, A. Jula, J. K. Salminen, L.-M. Voipio-Pulkki, H. Helenius, T. Kuusela, and J. Airaksinen Anxiety and Hostility Are Associated With Reduced Baroreflex Sensitivity and Increased Beat-to-Beat Blood Pressure Variability Psychosom Med, September 1, 2003; 65(5): 751 - 756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. L. Rennie, H. Hemingway, M. Kumari, E. Brunner, M. Malik, and M. Marmot Effects of Moderate and Vigorous Physical Activity on Heart Rate Variability in a British Study of Civil Servants Am. J. Epidemiol., July 15, 2003; 158(2): 135 - 143. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Carnethon, S. H. Golden, A. R. Folsom, W. Haskell, and D. Liao Prospective Investigation of Autonomic Nervous System Function and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study, 1987-1998 Circulation, May 6, 2003; 107(17): 2190 - 2195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R.B. Devlin, A.J. Ghio, H. Kehrl, G. Sanders, and W. Cascio Elderly humans exposed to concentrated air pollution particles have decreased heart rate variability Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2003; 21(40_suppl): 76S - 80s. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. G. Lakatta and D. Levy Arterial and Cardiac Aging: Major Shareholders in Cardiovascular Disease Enterprises: Part II: The Aging Heart in Health: Links to Heart Disease Circulation, January 21, 2003; 107(2): 346 - 354. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. R. Schwartz, W. Gerin, K. W. Davidson, T. G. Pickering, J. F. Brosschot, J. F. Thayer, N. Christenfeld, and W. Linden Toward a Causal Model of Cardiovascular Responses to Stress and the Development of Cardiovascular Disease Psychosom Med, January 1, 2003; 65(1): 22 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Liao, M. Carnethon, G. W. Evans, W. E. Cascio, and G. Heiss Lower Heart Rate Variability Is Associated With the Development of Coronary Heart Disease in Individuals With Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Diabetes, December 1, 2002; 51(12): 3524 - 3531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Sahl, G. Mezei, R. Kavet, A. McMillan, A. Silvers, A. Sastre, and L. Kheifets Occupational Magnetic Field Exposure and Cardiovascular Mortality in a Cohort of Electric Utility Workers Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2002; 156(10): 913 - 918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Johansen, M. Feychting, M. Moller, P. Arnsbo, A. Ahlbom, and J. H. Olsen Risk of Severe Cardiac Arrhythmia in Male Utility Workers: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study Am. J. Epidemiol., November 1, 2002; 156(9): 857 - 861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J E Mietus, C-K Peng, I Henry, R L Goldsmith, and A L Goldberger The pNNx files: re-examining a widely used heart rate variability measure Heart, October 1, 2002; 88(4): 378 - 380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Davies and A. Struthers Review: The potential benefits of aldosterone antagonism in Type 2 diabetes mellitus Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2002; 3(3): 150 - 155. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Carnethon, D. Liao, G. W. Evans, W. E. Cascio, L. E. Chambless, W. D. Rosamond, and G. Heiss Does the Cardiac Autonomic Response to Postural Change Predict Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality? : The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Am. J. Epidemiol., January 1, 2002; 155(1): 48 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. M. Curtis and J. H. O'Keefe Jr Autonomic Tone as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: The Dangers of Chronic Fight or Flight Mayo Clin. Proc., January 1, 2002; 77(1): 45 - 54. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. V. Huikuri, A. Castellanos, and R. J. Myerburg Sudden Death Due to Cardiac Arrhythmias N. Engl. J. Med., November 15, 2001; 345(20): 1473 - 1482. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L G P M van Amelsvoort, E G Schouten, A C Maan, C A Swenne, and F J Kok Changes in frequency of premature complexes and heart rate variability related to shift work Occup. Environ. Med., October 1, 2001; 58(10): 678 - 681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. M. Colhoun, D. P. Francis, M. B. Rubens, S. R. Underwood, and J. H. Fuller The Association of Heart-Rate Variability With Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Coronary Artery Calcification: A study in type 1 diabetic patients and the general population Diabetes Care, June 1, 2001; 24(6): 1108 - 1114. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P. Sloan, E. Bagiella, P. A. Shapiro, J. P. Kuhl, D. Chernikhova, J. Berg, and M. M. Myers Hostility, Gender, and Cardiac Autonomic Control Psychosom Med, May 1, 2001; 63(3): 434 - 440. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. H. Makikallio, H. V. Huikuri, A. Makikallio, L. B. Sourander, R. D. Mitrani, A. Castellanos, and R. J. Myerburg Prediction of sudden cardiac death by fractal analysis of heart rate variability in elderly subjects J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 2001; 37(5): 1395 - 1402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Baltatu, B. J. Janssen, G. Bricca, R. Plehm, J. Monti, D. Ganten, and M. Bader Alterations in Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in Transgenic Rats With Low Brain Angiotensinogen Hypertension, February 1, 2001; 37(2): 408 - 413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kornitzer Predictive value of electrocardiographic markers for autonomic nervous system dysfunction in healthy populations: more studies needed Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2001; 22(2): 109 - 112. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Tasaki, T. Serita, A. Irita, O. Hano, I. Iliev, C. Ueyama, K. Kitano, S. Seto, M. Hayano, and K. Yano A 15-Year Longitudinal Follow-Up Study of Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Elderly Persons J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, December 1, 2000; 55(12): M744 - M749. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Loimaala, H. Huikuri, P. Oja, M. Pasanen, and I. Vuori Controlled 5-mo aerobic training improves heart rate but not heart rate variability or baroreflex sensitivity J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2000; 89(5): 1825 - 1829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Kikuya, A. Hozawa, T. Ohokubo, I. Tsuji, M. Michimata, M. Matsubara, M. Ota, K. Nagai, T. Araki, H. Satoh, et al. Prognostic Significance of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variabilities : The Ohasama Study Hypertension, November 1, 2000; 36(5): 901 - 906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Dekker, R. S. Crow, A. R. Folsom, P. J. Hannan, D. Liao, C. A. Swenne, and E. G. Schouten Low Heart Rate Variability in a 2-Minute Rhythm Strip Predicts Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality From Several Causes : The ARIC Study Circulation, September 12, 2000; 102(11): 1239 - 1244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|