(Circulation. 1995;91:365-371.)
© 1995 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
The Relation of Parental Cardiovascular Disease to Risk Factors in Children and Young Adults
The Bogalusa Heart Study
From the Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, La.
Correspondence to Gerald S. Berenson, MD, Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, 1501 Canal St, 14th Floor, New Orleans, LA 70112-2824.
Background Although cardiovascular risk factors relate to family history of cardiovascular disease, it is not clear how the relation changes from children to young adults.
Methods and Results As part of a community study for cardiovascular health, parental history of diseases was obtained from 8276 offspring 5 to 31 years old, 36% black and 64% white. Between 5- to 10-year-old children and 25- to 31-year-old young adults, prevalence of parental heart attack increased from 5% to 25%. More prevalent in blacks than in whites, parental stroke increased from 2% to 9% in whites versus 3% to 19% in blacks; parental diabetes rose from 7% to 19% in whites versus 9% to 33% in blacks; and parental hypertension increased from 26% to 59% in whites versus 40% to 72% in blacks. Offspring with parental heart attack history were significantly overweight after 10 years of age and showed elevated levels of total cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, insulin, and glucose after 17 years of age, irrespective of weight. Offspring of diabetic parents were significantly overweight, irrespective of age. They showed significant increases in levels of insulin, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol after age 24 years, independent of weight. Offspring of hypertensive parents displayed overweight regardless of age, higher levels of blood pressure after age 10 years, and elevations of triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol after age 24 years irrespective of weight. Analyzed by race and sex in young adults, parental heart attack related strongly to LDL cholesterol in the white offspring, especially white males, and to insulin in the black offspring. Parental diabetes showed a stronger association with overweight and glucose in black females. Also noted was the relation between parental hypertension and overweight in black females.
Conclusions Parental history is an important surrogate measure for cardiovascular risk in the offspring. However, parental history information alone is not sufficient to designate younger children for selective screening for high cholesterol, because of the young age of parents.
Key Words: cardiovascular diseases • risk factors
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  K. Khunti, M. A Stone, J. Bankart, P. K Sinfield, D. Talbot, A. Farooqi, and M. J Davies Physical activity and sedentary behaviours of South Asian and white European children in inner city secondary schools in the UK Fam. Pract., June 1, 2007; 24(3): 237 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Rodriguez-Moran and F. Guerrero-Romero Hyperinsulinemia in Healthy Children and Adolescents With a Positive Family History for Type 2 Diabetes Pediatrics, November 1, 2006; 118(5): e1516 - e1522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Dallongeville, M.-C. Grupposo, D. Cottel, J. Ferrieres, D. Arveiler, A. Bingham, J.-B. Ruidavets, B. Haas, P. Ducimetiere, and P. Amouyel Association between the metabolic syndrome and parental history of premature cardiovascular disease Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2006; 27(6): 722 - 728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Jerrard-Dunne, G. Cloud, A. Hassan, and H. S. Markus Evaluating the Genetic Component of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes: A Family History Study Stroke, June 1, 2003; 34(6): 1364 - 1369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Jerrard-Dunne, H. S. Markus, D. A. Steckel, A. Buehler, S. von Kegler, and M. Sitzer Early Carotid Atherosclerosis and Family History of Vascular Disease: Specific Effects on Arterial Sites Have Implications for Genetic Studies Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., February 1, 2003; 23(2): 302 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Gaeta, M. De Michele, S. Cuomo, P. Guarini, M. C. Foglia, M. G. Bond, and M. Trevisan Arterial Abnormalities in the Offspring of Patients with Premature Myocardial Infarction N. Engl. J. Med., September 21, 2000; 343(12): 840 - 846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T Sveger, C-E Flodmark, K Nordborg, P Nilsson-Ehle, and N Borgfors Hereditary dyslipidaemias and combined risk factors in children with a family history of premature coronary artery disease Arch. Dis. Child., April 1, 2000; 82(4): 292 - 296. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. B. Moskowitz, P. F. Schwartz, and R. M. Schieken Childhood Passive Smoking, Race, and Coronary Artery Disease Risk: The MCV Twin Study Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, May 1, 1999; 153(5): 446 - 453. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. J. Greenlund, S. R. Srinivasan, J.-H. Xu, E. Dalferes Jr, L. Myers, A. Pickoff, and G. S. Berenson Plasma Homocysteine Distribution and Its Association With Parental History of Coronary Artery Disease in Black and White Children : The Bogalusa Heart Study Circulation, April 27, 1999; 99(16): 2144 - 2149. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Palatini, O. Vriz, S. Nesbitt, J. Amerena, S. Majahalme, M. Valentini, and S. Julius Parental Hyperdynamic Circulation Predicts Insulin Resistance in Offspring : The Tecumseh Offspring Study Hypertension, March 1, 1999; 33(3): 769 - 774. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Zito, A. Di Castelnuovo, C. Amore, A. D'Orazio, M. B. Donati, and L. Iacoviello Bcl I Polymorphism in the Fibrinogen ß-Chain Gene Is Associated With the Risk of Familial Myocardial Infarction by Increasing Plasma Fibrinogen Levels : A Case-Control Study in a Sample of GISSI-2 Patients Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 1997; 17(12): 3489 - 3494. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|