(Circulation. 1995;91:2703-2711.)
© 1995 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Apoptosis in Human Atherosclerosis and Restenosis
From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Biomedical Research, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Jeffrey M. Isner, MD, St Elizabeth's Medical Center, 736 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02135. E-mail jisner@ opal.tufts.edu.
Background Apoptosis has been recognized in normal, including rapidly proliferating, cell populations and is inferred to be potentially responsible for the maintenance of stable cell numbers in tissues with various degrees of proliferative activity. Previous studies performed in rats indicated that despite the persistence of a relatively high level of injury-induced proliferative activity, total arterial smooth muscle content at 12 weeks remained unchanged from that measured at 2 weeks, suggesting that accrual of vascular smooth muscle cells is mitigated by cell death. The extent to which apoptosis may be observed in human atherosclerosis and/or restenosis, however, has not been previously established.
Methods and Results We performed immunohistochemical studies on 56 specimens retrieved from patients undergoing directional atherectomy for primary atherosclerotic lesions or recurrent arterial narrowing after percutaneous revascularization (restenosis). Immunohistochemical staining disclosed evidence of apoptosis in 35 (63%) of the 56 specimens studied. When present, immunohistochemical evidence of apoptosis was typically limited to <2% of cells in the specimen. The finding of apoptosis, however, was not distributed equally among four groups of specimens studied. Specimens retrieved from patients with restenosis were more frequently observed to contain foci of apoptosis than specimens retrieved from patients with primary atherosclerotic lesions. Among 14 peripheral arterial specimens from patients with restenosis, 13 (93%) contained foci of apoptosis; in contrast, apoptosis was observed in only 6 (43%) of 14 peripheral specimens from patients with primary lesions (P=.0046). Among coronary arterial specimens, apoptosis was observed in 12 (86%) of 14 specimens from patients with restenosis versus 6 (29%) of 14 specimens from patients with primary obstructions (P<.0075).
Conclusions Apoptosis is a feature of human vascular pathology, including restenotic lesions and, to a lesser extent, primary atherosclerotic lesions. The findings of the present study suggest that apoptosis may modulate the cellularity of lesions that produce human vascular obstruction, particularly those with evidence of more extensive proliferative activity.
Key Words: apoptosis • programmed cell death • proliferation • BCL-2
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S. Yokoyama, M. Takano, M. Yamamoto, S. Inami, S. Sakai, K. Okamatsu, S. Okuni, K. Seimiya, D. Murakami, T. Ohba, et al. Extended Follow-Up by Serial Angioscopic Observation for Bare-Metal Stents in Native Coronary Arteries: From Healing Response to Atherosclerotic Transformation of Neointima Circ Cardiovasc Interv, June 1, 2009; 2(3): 205 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. C.H. Clarke and M. R. Bennett Cause or Consequence: What Does Macrophage Apoptosis Do in Atherosclerosis? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2009; 29(2): 153 - 155. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. G. Dickhout, S. Basseri, and R. C. Austin Macrophage Function and Its Impact on Atherosclerotic Lesion Composition, Progression, and Stability: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2008; 28(8): 1413 - 1415. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E.-H. Yao, N. Fukuda, T. Ueno, H. Matsuda, K. Matsumoto, H. Nagase, Y. Matsumoto, A. Takasaka, K. Serie, H. Sugiyama, et al. Novel Gene Silencer Pyrrole-Imidazole Polyamide Targeting Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 Attenuates Restenosis of the Artery After Injury Hypertension, July 1, 2008; 52(1): 86 - 92. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. C. Doran, N. Meller, and C. A. McNamara Role of Smooth Muscle Cells in the Initiation and Early Progression of Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2008; 28(5): 812 - 819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. G. Sedding, M. Homann, U. Seay, H. Tillmanns, K. T. Preissner, and R. C. Braun-Dullaeus Calpain counteracts mechanosensitive apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo FASEB J, February 1, 2008; 22(2): 579 - 589. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. B. Ray, S. Arab, Y. Deng, P. Liu, L. Penn, D. W. Courtman, and M. E. Ward Oxygen regulation of arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and survival Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): H839 - H852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W.-P. Cheng, H.-F. Hung, B.-W. Wang, and K.-G. Shyu The molecular regulation of GADD153 in apoptosis of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells by cyclic mechanical stretch Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2008; 77(3): 551 - 559. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Kadirvel, Y.-H. Ding, D. Dai, D. A. Lewis, H. J. Cloft, and D. F. Kallmes Molecular Indices of Apoptosis Activation in Elastase-Induced Aneurysms After Embolization With Platinum Coils Stroke, October 1, 2007; 38(10): 2787 - 2794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. K. Bowles, K. K. Maddali, V. C. Dhulipala, and D. H. Korzick PKC{delta} mediates anti-proliferative, pro-apoptic effects of testosterone on coronary smooth muscle Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): C805 - C813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Clarke, M. Bennett, and T. Littlewood Cell death in the cardiovascular system Heart, June 1, 2007; 93(6): 659 - 664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Wehinger, I. Tancevski, W. Schgoer, P. Eller, K. Hochegger, M. Morak, A. Hermetter, A. Ritsch, J. R. Patsch, and B. Foeger Phospholipid Transfer Protein Augments Apoptosis in THP-1-Derived Macrophages Induced by Lipolyzed Hypertriglyceridemic Plasma Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2007; 27(4): 908 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Tomiyama, A. Higa, M. A. Dalboni, M. Cendoroglo, S. A. Draibe, L. Cuppari, A. B. Carvalho, E. M. Neto, and M. E. F. Canziani The impact of traditional and non-traditional risk factors on coronary calcification in pre-dialysis patients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2006; 21(9): 2464 - 2471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Kumamoto, Y. Kawai, K. Arakawa, N. Morikawa, J. Kuribara, H. Tada, K. Taniguchi, R. Tatami, I. Miyamori, Y. Kominato, et al. Association of Gln222Arg polymorphism in the deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) gene with myocardial infarction in Japanese patients Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2006; 27(17): 2081 - 2087. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. I. Patel, S. Daniel, C. R. Longo, G. V. Shrikhande, S. T. Scali, E. Czismadia, C. M. Groft, T. Shukri, C. Motley-Dore, H. E. Ramsey, et al. A20, a modulator of smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis, prevents and induces regression of neointimal hyperplasia FASEB J, July 1, 2006; 20(9): 1418 - 1430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Rosner, V. Stoneman, T. Littlewood, N. McCarthy, N. Figg, Y. Wang, G. Tellides, and M. Bennett Interferon-{gamma} Induces Fas Trafficking and Sensitization to Apoptosis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via a PI3K- and Akt-Dependent Mechanism Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2006; 168(6): 2054 - 2063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. Matter, C. E. Chadjichristos, P. Meier, T. von Lukowicz, C. Lohmann, P. K. Schuler, D. Zhang, B. Odermatt, E. Hofmann, T. Brunner, et al. Role of Endogenous Fas (CD95/Apo-1) Ligand in Balloon-Induced Apoptosis, Inflammation, and Neointima Formation Circulation, April 18, 2006; 113(15): 1879 - 1887. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nishimura, W. Li, Y. Hoshino, T. Kadohama, H. Asada, S. Ohgi, and B. E. Sumpio Role of AKT in cyclic strain-induced endothelial cell proliferation and survival Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): C812 - C821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A K Mitra and D K Agrawal In stent restenosis: bane of the stent era. J. Clin. Pathol., March 1, 2006; 59(3): 232 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. J. Ryer, K. Sakakibara, C. Wang, D. Sarkar, P. B. Fisher, P. L. Faries, K. C. Kent, and B. Liu Protein Kinase C Delta Induces Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through Induction of the Tumor Suppressor p53 by Both p38-dependent and p38-independent Mechanisms J. Biol. Chem., October 21, 2005; 280(42): 35310 - 35317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H.-H. Chou, H. Yumoto, M. Davey, Y. Takahashi, T. Miyamoto, F. C. Gibson III, and C. A. Genco Porphyromonas gingivalis Fimbria-Dependent Activation of Inflammatory Genes in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells Infect. Immun., September 1, 2005; 73(9): 5367 - 5378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Ono, T. Ichiki, H. Ohtsubo, K. Fukuyama, I. Imayama, Y. Hashiguchi, J. Sadoshima, and K. Sunagawa Critical Role of Mst1 in Vascular Remodeling After Injury Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2005; 25(9): 1871 - 1876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. K. Jagadeesha, T. E. Lindley, J. DeLeon, R. V. Sharma, F. Miller, and R. C. Bhalla Tempol therapy attenuates medial smooth muscle cell apoptosis and neointima formation after balloon catheter injury in carotid artery of diabetic rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): H1047 - H1053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. L. Johnson, L. Schofield, T. Donahay, N. Narula, and J. Narula 99mTc-Annexin V Imaging for In Vivo Detection of Atherosclerotic Lesions in Porcine Coronary Arteries J. Nucl. Med., July 1, 2005; 46(7): 1186 - 1193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Zhou, S. Lhotak, B. A. Hilditch, and R. C. Austin Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response Occurs at All Stages of Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Circulation, April 12, 2005; 111(14): 1814 - 1821. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Vantler, E. Caglayan, W. H. Zimmermann, A. T. Baumer, and S. Rosenkranz Systematic Evaluation of Anti-apoptotic Growth Factor Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: ONLY PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3'-KINASE IS IMPORTANT J. Biol. Chem., April 8, 2005; 280(14): 14168 - 14176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Mercer, N. Figg, V. Stoneman, D. Braganza, and M. R. Bennett Endogenous p53 Protects Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells From Apoptosis and Reduces Atherosclerosis in ApoE Knockout Mice Circ. Res., April 1, 2005; 96(6): 667 - 674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-J. Lee, K.-M. Kim, S. Namkoong, C.-K. Kim, Y.-C. Kang, H. Lee, K.-S. Ha, J.-A Han, H.-T. Chung, Y.-G. Kwon, et al. Nitric Oxide Inhibition of Homocysteine-induced Human Endothelial Cell Apoptosis by Down-regulation of p53-dependent Noxa Expression through the Formation of S-Nitrosohomocysteine J. Biol. Chem., February 18, 2005; 280(7): 5781 - 5788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Li, S. Telemaque, R. E. Miller, and J. D. Marsh High Glucose Inhibits Apoptosis Induced by Serum Deprivation in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via Upregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl Diabetes, February 1, 2005; 54(2): 540 - 545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Orlandi, S. Pucci, A. Ciucci, F. Pichiorri, A. Ferlosio, and L. G. Spagnoli Modulation of Clusterin Isoforms Is Associated With All-Trans Retinoic Acid-Induced Proliferative Arrest and Apoptosis of Intimal Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2005; 25(2): 348 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Wang, P. J. Rao, M. R. Castresana, and W. H. Newman TNF-{alpha} induces proliferation or apoptosis in human saphenous vein smooth muscle cells depending on phenotype Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): H293 - H301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Cai, L. Lanting, and R. Natarajan Interaction of Monocytes With Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Regulates Monocyte Survival and Differentiation Through Distinct Pathways Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2004; 24(12): 2263 - 2270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Sandberg and P. P. Sayeski Jak2 Tyrosine Kinase Mediates Oxidative Stress-induced Apoptosis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells J. Biol. Chem., August 13, 2004; 279(33): 34547 - 34552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Wallner, C. Li, P. K. Shah, K.-J. Wu, S. M. Schwartz, and B. G. Sharifi EGF-Like Domain of Tenascin-C Is Proapoptotic for Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2004; 24(8): 1416 - 1421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T Hayashi, A Kimura, and K Ishikawa Acute myocardial infarction caused by thrombotic occlusion at a stent site two years after conventional stent implantation Heart, May 1, 2004; 90(5): e26 - e26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Zohlnhofer, T. G. Nuhrenberg, F.-J. Neumann, T. Richter, A. E. May, R. Schmidt, K. Denker, M. A. Clauss, A. Schomig, and P. A. Baeuerle Rapamycin Effects Transcriptional Programs in Smooth Muscle Cells Controlling Proliferative and Inflammatory Properties Mol. Pharmacol., April 1, 2004; 65(4): 880 - 889. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Martin-Ventura, L. M. Blanco-Colio, B. Munoz-Garcia, A. Gomez-Hernandez, A. Arribas, L. Ortega, J. Tunon, and J. Egido NF-{kappa}B Activation and Fas Ligand Overexpression in Blood and Plaques of Patients With Carotid Atherosclerosis: Potential Implication in Plaque Instability Stroke, February 1, 2004; 35(2): 458 - 463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Beohar, J. D. Flaherty, C. J. Davidson, R. C. Maynard, J. D. Robbins, A. P. Shah, J. W. Choi, L. A. MacDonald, J. P. Jorgensen, J. V. Pinto, et al. Antirestenotic Effects of a Locally Delivered Caspase Inhibitor in a Balloon Injury Model Circulation, January 6, 2004; 109(1): 108 - 113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Tokunou, R. Shibata, H. Kai, T. Ichiki, T. Morisaki, K. Fukuyama, H. Ono, N. Iino, S. Masuda, H. Shimokawa, et al. Apoptosis Induced by Inhibition of Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circulation, September 9, 2003; 108(10): 1246 - 1252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Sata, K. Tanaka, N. Ishizaka, Y. Hirata, and R. Nagai Absence of p53 Leads to Accelerated Neointimal Hyperplasia After Vascular Injury Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2003; 23(9): 1548 - 1552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Zhang, I. Fantozzi, D. D. Tigno, E. S. Yi, O. Platoshyn, P. A. Thistlethwaite, J. M. Kriett, G. Yung, L. J. Rubin, and J. X.-J. Yuan Bone morphogenetic proteins induce apoptosis in human pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, September 1, 2003; 285(3): L740 - L754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S Vasudevan, N. H.M Lopes, P. N Seshiah, T. Wang, C. B Marsh, D. J Kereiakes, C. Dong, and P. J Goldschmidt-Clermont Mac-1 and Fas activities are concurrently required for execution of smooth muscle cell death by M-CSF-stimulated macrophages Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2003; 59(3): 723 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. S. Hossain, J. V. van Thienen, G. H. Werstuck, J. Zhou, S. K. Sood, J. G. Dickhout, A. B. L. de Koning, D. Tang, D. Wu, E. Falk, et al. TDAG51 Is Induced by Homocysteine, Promotes Detachment-mediated Programmed Cell Death, and Contributes to the Development of Atherosclerosis in Hyperhomocysteinemia J. Biol. Chem., August 8, 2003; 278(32): 30317 - 30327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Nuotio, P. J. Lindsberg, O. Carpen, L. Soinne, E. M.P. Lehtonen-Smeds, E. Saimanen, R. Lassila, T. Sairanen, S. Sarna, O. Salonen, et al. Adhesion molecule expression in symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis Neurology, June 24, 2003; 60(12): 1890 - 1899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. D. Johnson, Y. Balagurunathan, K. P. Lu, M. Tadesse, M. H. Falahatpisheh, R. J. Carroll, E. R. Dougherty, C. A. Afshari, and K. S. Ramos Genomic profiles and predictive biological networks in oxidant-induced atherogenesis Physiol Genomics, May 13, 2003; 13(3): 263 - 275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X.-M. Liu, G. B. Chapman, K. J. Peyton, A. I. Schafer, and W. Durante Antiapoptotic Action of Carbon Monoxide on Cultured Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Experimental Biology and Medicine, May 1, 2003; 228(5): 572 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Wernig, M. Mayr, and Q. Xu Mechanical Stretch-Induced Apoptosis in Smooth Muscle Cells Is Mediated by {beta}1-Integrin Signaling Pathways Hypertension, April 1, 2003; 41(4): 903 - 911. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Leskinen, K. A. Lindstedt, Y. Wang, and P. T. Kovanen Mast Cell Chymase Induces Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis by a Mechanism Involving Fibronectin Degradation and Disruption of Focal Adhesions Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2003; 23(2): 238 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Valgimigli, L. Agnoletti, S. Curello, L. Comini, G. Francolini, F. Mastrorilli, E. Merli, R. Pirani, G. Guardigli, P. G. Grigolato, et al. Serum From Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Displays a Proapoptotic Effect on Human Endothelial Cells: A Possible Link to Pan-Coronary Syndromes Circulation, January 21, 2003; 107(2): 264 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Asmis and J. G. Begley Oxidized LDL Promotes Peroxide-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cell Death in Human Macrophages: A Caspase-3-Independent Pathway Circ. Res., January 10, 2003; 92 (1): e20 - e29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Zorc, R. Zorc-Pleskovic, O. Vraspir-Porenta, M. Legan, and D. Petrovic Apoptosis and Histopathologic Changes in Diffuse Coronary Atherosclerosis Angiology, January 1, 2003; 54(1): 81 - 84. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Platoshyn, S. Zhang, S. S. McDaniel, and J. X.-J. Yuan Cytochrome c activates K+ channels before inducing apoptosis Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283(4): C1298 - C1305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Sakomura, H. Nagashima, Y. Aoka, K. Uto, A. Sakuta, S. Aomi, H. Kurosawa, T. Nishikawa, and H. Kasanuki Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Is Upregulated in Cystic Medial Degeneration of Annuloaortic Ectasia in Marfan Syndrome Circulation, September 24, 2002; 106(12_suppl_1): I-259 - I-263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-J. Geng and P. Libby Progression of Atheroma: A Struggle Between Death and Procreation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2002; 22(9): 1370 - 1380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Sakuma, M. Yamamoto, M. Okumura, T. Kojima, T. Maruyama, and K. Yasuda High glucose inhibits apoptosis in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells by increasing bcl-xL and bfl-1/A1 Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, August 1, 2002; 283(2): C422 - C428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. C. Fanzo, S. K. Reaves, L. Cui, L. Zhu, and K. Y. Lei p53 protein and p21 mRNA levels and caspase-3 activity are altered by zinc status in aortic endothelial cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, August 1, 2002; 283(2): C631 - C638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X.-m. Liu, G. B Chapman, K. J Peyton, A. I Schafer, and W. Durante Carbon monoxide inhibits apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2002; 55(2): 396 - 405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Chen, S. V. Brodsky, D. M. Goligorsky, D. J. Hampel, H. Li, S. S. Gross, and M. S. Goligorsky Glycated Collagen I Induces Premature Senescence-Like Phenotypic Changes in Endothelial Cells Circ. Res., June 28, 2002; 90(12): 1290 - 1298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Durand, Z. Mallat, F. Addad, F. Vilde, M. Desnos, C. Guerot, A. Tedgui, and A. Lafont Time courses of apoptosis and cell proliferation and their relationship to arterial remodeling and restenosis after angioplasty in an atherosclerotic rabbit model J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 15, 2002; 39(10): 1680 - 1685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Agrawal, M. L. Agarwal, M. Chatterjee-Kishore, G. R. Stark, and G. M. Chisolm Stat1-Dependent, p53-Independent Expression of p21waf1 Modulates Oxysterol-Induced Apoptosis Mol. Cell. Biol., April 1, 2002; 22(7): 1981 - 1992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Lorenzo, C. Ruiz-Ruiz, A. J. Quesada, G. Hernandez, A. Rodriguez, A. Lopez-Rivas, and J. M. Redondo Doxorubicin Induces Apoptosis and CD95 Gene Expression in Human Primary Endothelial Cells through a p53-dependent Mechanism J. Biol. Chem., March 22, 2002; 277(13): 10883 - 10892. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Masse, M.-J. Hebert, S. Troyanov, N. Vigneault, I. Sirois, and F. Madore Soluble Fas is a marker of peripheral arterial occlusive disease in haemodialysis patients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., March 1, 2002; 17(3): 485 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Ling, A. Dai, M. R. I. Williams, K. Myles, R. J. Dilley, P. A. Komesaroff, and K. Sudhir Testosterone (T) Enhances Apoptosis-Related Damage in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells Endocrinology, March 1, 2002; 143(3): 1119 - 1125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Dufourcq, T. Couffinhal, P. Alzieu, D. Daret, C. Moreau, C. Duplaa, and J. Bonnet Vitronectin is up-regulated after vascular injury and vitronectin blockade prevents neointima formation Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2002; 53(4): 952 - 962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Matsuda, Y. Suzuki, K. Kondo, Y. Ikeda, and K. Umemura Hypercholesterolemia induces regression in neointimal thickening due to apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in the hamster endothelial injury model Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2002; 53(2): 512 - 523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Suhara, H.-S. Kim, L. A. Kirshenbaum, and K. Walsh Suppression of Akt Signaling Induces Fas Ligand Expression: Involvement of Caspase and Jun Kinase Activation in Akt-Mediated Fas Ligand Regulation Mol. Cell. Biol., January 15, 2002; 22(2): 680 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. M. Hassan, I. M. Lang, M. Ignatescu, R. Ullrich, D. Bonderman, P. Wexberg, F. Weidinger, and H. D. Glogar Increased intimal apoptosis in coronary atherosclerotic vessel segments lacking compensatory enlargement J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 1, 2001; 38(5): 1333 - 1339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Sata, S. Sugiura, M. Yoshizumi, Y. Ouchi, Y. Hirata, and R. Nagai Acute and Chronic Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis After Mechanical Vascular Injury Can Occur Independently of the Fas-Death Pathway Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2001; 21(11): 1733 - 1737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Watanabe, M. Yoshizumi, M. Akishita, M. Eto, K. Toba, M. Hashimoto, K. Nagano, Y.-Q. Liang, Y. Ohike, K. Iijima, et al. Induction of Nuclear Orphan Receptor NGFI-B Gene and Apoptosis in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Treated With Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2001; 21(11): 1738 - 1744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Krick, O. Platoshyn, S. S. McDaniel, L. J. Rubin, and J. X.-J. Yuan Augmented K+ currents and mitochondrial membrane depolarization in pulmonary artery myocyte apoptosis Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, October 1, 2001; 281(4): L887 - L894. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Zhu, G. Zhao, D. P. Witte, D. Y. Hui, and J. A. Fagin Targeted Overexpression of IGF-I in Smooth Muscle Cells of Transgenic Mice Enhances Neointimal Formation through Increased Proliferation and Cell Migration after Intraarterial Injury Endocrinology, August 1, 2001; 142(8): 3598 - 3606. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Orlandi, A. Francesconi, D. Cocchia, A. Corsini, and L. G. Spagnoli Phenotypic Heterogeneity Influences Apoptotic Susceptibility to Retinoic Acid and cis-Platinum of Rat Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro : Implications for the Evolution of Experimental Intimal Thickening Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2001; 21(7): 1118 - 1123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Sho, M. Sho, T. M. Singh, C. Xu, C. K. Zarins, and H. Masuda Blood Flow Decrease Induces Apoptosis of Endothelial Cells in Previously Dilated Arteries Resulting From Chronic High Blood Flow Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2001; 21(7): 1139 - 1145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Ekhterae, O. Platoshyn, S. Krick, Y. Yu, S. S. McDaniel, and J. X.-J. Yuan Bcl-2 decreases voltage-gated K+ channel activity and enhances survival in vascular smooth muscle cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, July 1, 2001; 281(1): C157 - C165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Kataoka, N. Kume, S. Miyamoto, M. Minami, M. Morimoto, K. Hayashida, N. Hashimoto, and T. Kita Oxidized LDL Modulates Bax/Bcl-2 Through the Lectinlike Ox-LDL Receptor-1 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2001; 21(6): 955 - 960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Healy, J. J. Schwartz, X. Zhu, B. E. Herrick, B. Varnum, and H. W. Farber Gas 6 promotes Axl-mediated survival in pulmonary endothelial cells Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2001; 280(6): L1273 - L1281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Li, P. M. Absher, P. Liang, J. C. Russell, B. E. Sobel, and N. K. Fukagawa High Glucose Concentrations Induce Oxidative Damage to Mitochondrial DNA in Explanted Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Experimental Biology and Medicine, May 1, 2001; 226(5): 450 - 457. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Leskinen, Y. Wang, D. Leszczynski, K. A. Lindstedt, and P. T. Kovanen Mast Cell Chymase Induces Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2001; 21(4): 516 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. HEERMEIER, W. LEICHT, A. PALMETSHOFER, M. ULLRICH, C. WANNER, and J. GALLE Oxidized LDL Suppresses NF-{{kappa}}B and Overcomes Protection from Apoptosis in Activated Endothelial Cells J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2001; 12(3): 456 - 463. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T.-S. Lee and L.-Y. Chau Fas/Fas ligand-mediated death pathway is involved in oxLDL-induced apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, March 1, 2001; 280(3): C709 - C718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D M Braganza and M R Bennett New insights into atherosclerotic plaque rupture Postgrad. Med. J., February 1, 2001; 77(904): 94 - 98. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-C. Hsieh, M.-H. Yen, C.-H. Yen, and Y.-T. Lau Oxidized low density lipoprotein induces apoptosis via generation of reactive oxygen species in vascular smooth muscle cells Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2001; 49(1): 135 - 145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Okura, M. Brink, H. Itabe, K. J. Scheidegger, A. Kalangos, and P. Delafontaine Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Is Associated With Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Circulation, November 28, 2000; 102(22): 2680 - 2686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Hampl and J. Herget Role of Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension Physiol Rev, October 1, 2000; 80(4): 1337 - 1372. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Obara, A. Takayanagi, J. Hirahashi, K. Tanaka, G. Wakabayashi, K. Matsumoto, M. Shimazu, N. Shimizu, and M. Kitajima Overexpression of Truncated I{kappa}B{alpha} Induces TNF-{alpha}-Dependent Apoptosis in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2000; 20(10): 2198 - 2204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. D. Kolodgie, J. Narula, A. P. Burke, N. Haider, A. Farb, Y. Hui-Liang, J. Smialek, and R. Virmani Localization of Apoptotic Macrophages at the Site of Plaque Rupture in Sudden Coronary Death Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2000; 157(4): 1259 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Hamilton, G. Whitty, and W. Jessup Oxidized LDL Can Promote Human Monocyte Survival Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2000; 20 (10): 2329 - 2331. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Jung, J. Haendeler, C. Goebel, A. M. Zeiher, and S. Dimmeler Growth factor-induced phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase/Akt phosphorylation in smooth muscle cells: induction of cell proliferation and inhibition of cell death Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2000; 48(1): 148 - 157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Hou, P. I. Rogers, P. M. Toleikis, W. Hunter, and K. L. March Intrapericardial Paclitaxel Delivery Inhibits Neointimal Proliferation and Promotes Arterial Enlargement After Porcine Coronary Overstretch Circulation, September 26, 2000; 102(13): 1575 - 1581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Jianhua Zhu and Danchen Gao Losartan reduces collagen content and intimal thickening of iliac arteries after balloon injury in rabbits Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2000; 1(3): 278 - 282. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Walsh, R. C. Smith, and H.-S. Kim Vascular Cell Apoptosis in Remodeling, Restenosis, and Plaque Rupture Circ. Res., August 4, 2000; 87(3): 184 - 188. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Latif, M. A. Khan, E. Birks, A. O'Farrell, J. Westbrook, M. J. Dunn, and M. H. Yacoub Upregulation of the Bcl-2 family of proteins in end stage heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 1, 2000; 35(7): 1769 - 1777. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Metzler, Y. Hu, H. Dietrich, and Q. Xu Increased Expression and Activation of Stress-Activated Protein Kinases/c-Jun NH2-Terminal Protein Kinases in Atherosclerotic Lesions Coincide with p53 Am. J. Pathol., June 1, 2000; 156(6): 1875 - 1886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Yasuda, T. Noguchi, M. Gohda, T. Arai, N. Tsutsui, T. Matsuda, and H. Nonogi Single Low-Dose Administration of Human Recombinant Hepatocyte Growth Factor Attenuates Intimal Hyperplasia in a Balloon-Injured Rabbit Iliac Artery Model Circulation, May 30, 2000; 101(21): 2546 - 2549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Klouche, S. Rose-John, W. Schmiedt, and S. Bhakdi Enzymatically Degraded, Nonoxidized LDL Induces Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Activation, Foam Cell Transformation, and Proliferation Circulation, April 18, 2000; 101(15): 1799 - 1805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-S. Kim, K.-K. Hwang, J.-W. Seo, S.-Y. Kim, B.-H. Oh, M.-M. Lee, and Y.-B. Park Apoptosis and Regulation of Bax and Bcl-X Proteins During Human Neonatal Vascular Remodeling Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2000; 20(4): 957 - 963. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-K. Hsieh, D. Kletsas, G. Clunn, A. D. Hughes, M. Schachter, and C. Demoliou-Mason p53, p21WAF1/CIP1, and MDM2 Involvement in the Proliferation and Apoptosis in an In Vitro Model of Conditionally Immortalized Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2000; 20(4): 973 - 981. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-K. Hsieh, D. Kletsas, G. Clunn, A. D. Hughes, M. Schachter, and C. Demoliou-Mason p53, p21WAF1/CIP1, and MDM2 Involvement in Proliferation and Apoptosis in an In Vitro Model of Conditionally Immortalized Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2000; 20(3): 636 - 644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. MAYR, C. LI, Y. ZOU, U. HUEMER, Y. HU, and Q. XU Biomechanical stress-induced apoptosis in vein grafts involves p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases FASEB J, February 1, 2000; 14(2): 261 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|