Circulation, Vol 90, 2126-2146, Copyright © 1994 by American Heart Association
V Fuster
Myocardial infarction is the most frequent cause of mortality in the United
States as well as in most western countries. In this review, the processes
leading to myocardial infarction are described based on the most recent
studies of vascular biology; in addition, evolving strategies for
prevention are outlined. The following was specifically discussed. (1) Five
phases of the progression of coronary atherosclerosis (phases 1 to 5) and
eight morphologically different lesions (types I, II, III, IV, Va, Vb, Vc,
and VI) in the various phases are defined. (2) The present understanding of
the pathogenesis of each of the phases of progression and of the various
lesion types preceding myocardial infarction is described; particular
emphasis is placed on the physical, structural, cellular, and chemical
characteristics of the "vulnerable or unstable plaques" prone to disruption
(types IV and Va lesions). (3) The fate of plaque disruption (type VI
lesion) in the genesis of the various coronary syndromes and especially
acute myocardial infarction is defined; particular emphasis is placed on
the combination of plaque disruption and a high thrombogenic risk
profile--local factors (ie, degree of plaque disruption, exposure of
lipid-macrophage-rich plaque, etc) and systemic factors (ie,
catecholamines, RAS, fibrinogen, etc)--in the genesis of myocardial
infarction. (4) Strategies of regression or stabilization of "vulnerable or
unstable plaques" for prevention of myocardial infarction are presented
within the context of recent favorable experience with risk factor
modification and lipid-modifying angiographic trials, beta-blockade and
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, antithrombotic strategies, and
the possible role of estrogens. The recent past has been very fruitful in
yielding a better understanding of the processes leading to myocardial
infarction, and the near future appears very promising in terms of
preventing the number 1 killer in the western world.
ARTICLES
Lewis A. Conner Memorial Lecture. Mechanisms leading to myocardial infarction: insights from studies of vascular biology [published erratum appears in Circulation 1995 Jan 1;91(1):256]
Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029-6574.
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D. T. Eitzman, R. J. Westrick, Z. Xu, J. Tyson, and D. Ginsburg Hyperlipidemia Promotes Thrombosis After Injury to Atherosclerotic Vessels in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2000; 20(7): 1831 - 1834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Hayashi, M. Jayachandran, D. Sumi, N. K. Thakur, T. Esaki, E. Muto, H. Kano, Y. Asai, and A. Iguchi Physiological Concentration of 17{beta}-Estradiol Retards the Progression of Severe Atherosclerosis Induced by a High-Cholesterol Diet Plus Balloon Catheter Injury : Role of NO Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2000; 20(6): 1613 - 1621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. von Beckerath, W. Koch, J. Mehilli, C. Bottiger, A. Schomig, and A. Kastrati Glycoprotein Ia gene C807T polymorphism and risk for major adverse cardiac events within the first 30 days after coronary artery stenting Blood, June 1, 2000; 95(11): 3297 - 3301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. I. Weitz and S. M. Bates Beyond Heparin and Aspirin: New Treatments for Unstable Angina and Non-Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction Arch Intern Med, March 27, 2000; 160(6): 749 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. T. Eitzman, R. J. Westrick, E. G. Nabel, and D. Ginsburg Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and vitronectin promote vascular thrombosis in mice Blood, January 15, 2000; 95(2): 577 - 580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Yeghiazarians, J. B. Braunstein, A. Askari, and P. H. Stone Unstable Angina Pectoris N. Engl. J. Med., January 13, 2000; 342(2): 101 - 114. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S Kojima, H Nonogi, Y Miyao, S Miyazaki, Y Goto, A Itoh, S Daikoku, T Matsumoto, I Morii, and C Yutani Is preinfarction angina related to the presence or absence of coronary plaque rupture? Heart, January 1, 2000; 83(1): 64 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Huang, M. Mironova, and M. F. Lopes-Virella Oxidized LDL Stimulates Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Expression in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 1999; 19(11): 2640 - 2647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 W. Stanford Opening Plenary Session: 1998 : Coronary Artery Calcification as an Indicator of Preclinical Coronary Artery Disease RadioGraphics, November 1, 1999; 19(6): 1409 - 1419. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. A. Mousa, R. Kapil, and D.-X. Mu Intravenous and Oral Antithrombotic Efficacy of the Novel Platelet GPIIb/IIIa Antagonist Roxifiban (DMP754) and Its Free Acid Form, XV459 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 1999; 19(10): 2535 - 2541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Moatti, P. Seknadji, C. Galand, O. Poirier, F. Fumeron, S. Desprez, M. Garbarz, D. Dhermy, D. Arveiler, A. Evans, et al. Polymorphisms of the Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) Gene in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes and in Healthy Subjects : Impact of the V264M Substitution on Plasma Levels of TFPI Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 1999; 19(4): 862 - 869. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Inbal, D. Freimark, B. Modan, A. Chetrit, S. Matetzky, N. Rosenberg, R. Dardik, Z. Baron, and U. Seligsohn Synergistic Effects of Prothrombotic Polymorphisms and Atherogenic Factors on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Young Males Blood, April 1, 1999; 93(7): 2186 - 2190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. D. Folts, A. I. Schafer, J. Loscalzo, J. T. Willerson, and J. E. Muller A perspective on the potential problems with aspirin as an antithrombotic agent: a comparison of studies in an animal model with clinical trials J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 1, 1999; 33(2): 295 - 303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. E. Gutstein and V. Fuster Pathophysiology and clinical significance of atherosclerotic plaque rupture Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 1999; 41(2): 323 - 333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Ross Atherosclerosis -- An Inflammatory Disease N. Engl. J. Med., January 14, 1999; 340(2): 115 - 126. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-L. M. Gronholdt Ultrasound and Lipoproteins as Predictors of Lipid-Rich, Rupture-Prone Plaques in the Carotid Artery Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 1999; 19(1): 2 - 13. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Pasterkamp, A. H. Schoneveld, A. C. van der Wal, D.-J. Hijnen, W. J. A. van Wolveren, S. Plomp, H. L. J. M. Teepen, and C. Borst Inflammation of the Atherosclerotic Cap and Shoulder of the Plaque Is a Common and Locally Observed Feature in Unruptured Plaques of Femoral and Coronary Arteries Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 1999; 19(1): 54 - 58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. P. Sloan, P. A. Shapiro, E. Bagiella, M. M. Myers, and J. M. Gorman Cardiac Autonomic Control Buffers Blood Pressure Variability Responses to Challenge: A Psychophysiologic Model of Coronary Artery Disease Psychosom Med, January 1, 1999; 61(1): 58 - 68. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Katoh, H. Ikeda, T. Murohara, N. Haramaki, H. Ito, and T. Imaizumi Platelet-Derived 12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Plays an Important Role in Mediating Canine Coronary Thrombosis by Regulating Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Activation Circulation, December 22, 1998; 98(25): 2891 - 2898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Pasterkamp, A. H. Schoneveld, A. C. van der Wal, C. C. Haudenschild, R. J. G. Clarijs, A. E. Becker, B. Hillen, and C. Borst Relation of arterial geometry to luminal narrowing and histologic markers for plaque vulnerability: the remodeling paradox J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 1998; 32(3): 655 - 662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. A. Mousa, J. M. Bozarth, W. Lorelli, M. S. Forsythe, M. J. M. C. Thoolen, A. M. Slee, T. M. Reilly, and P. A. Friedman Antiplatelet Efficacy of XV459, A Novel Nonpeptide Platelet GPIIb/IIIa Antagonist: Comparative Platelet Binding Profiles with c7E3 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 1998; 286(3): 1277 - 1284. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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P. K Shah Role of inflammation and metalloproteinases in plaque disruption and thrombosis Vascular Medicine, August 1, 1998; 3(3): 199 - 206. [Abstract] [PDF]
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