Circulation, Vol 89, 2462-2478, Copyright © 1994 by American Heart Association
HC Stary, AB Chandler, S Glagov, JR Guyton, W Insull Jr, ME Rosenfeld, SA Schaffer, CJ Schwartz, WD Wagner and RW Wissler
The compositions of lesion types that precede and that may initiate the
development of advanced atherosclerotic lesions are described and the
possible mechanisms of their development are reviewed. While advanced
lesions involve disorganization of the intima and deformity of the artery,
such changes are absent or minimal in their precursors. Advanced lesions
are either overtly clinical or they predispose to the complications that
cause ischemic episodes; precursors are silent and do not lead directly to
complications. The precursors are arranged in a temporal sequence of three
characteristic lesion types. Types I and II are generally the only lesion
types found in children, although they may also occur in adults. Type I
lesions represent the very initial changes and are recognized as an
increase in the number of intimal macrophages and the appearance of
macrophages filled with lipid droplets (foam cells). Type II lesions
include the fatty streak lesion, the first grossly visible lesion, and are
characterized by layers of macrophage foam cells and lipid droplets within
intimal smooth muscle cells and minimal coarse-grained particles and
heterogeneous droplets of extracellular lipid. Type III (intermediate)
lesions are the morphological and chemical bridge between type II and
advanced lesions. Type III lesions appear in some adaptive intimal
thickenings (progression-prone locations) in young adults and are
characterized by pools of extracellular lipid in addition to all the
components of type II lesions.
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A definition of initial, fatty streak, and intermediate lesions of atherosclerosis. A report from the Committee on Vascular Lesions of the Council on Arteriosclerosis, American Heart Association
Office of Scientific Affairs, American Heart Association, Dallas, TX 75231-4596.
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H. C. McGill Jr, C. A. McMahan, E. E. Herderick, A. W. Zieske, G. T. Malcom, R. E. Tracy, J. P. Strong, and for the Pathobiological Determinants of Atheroscle Obesity Accelerates the Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Young Men Circulation, June 11, 2002; 105(23): 2712 - 2718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Chen, C.-H. Tung, U. Mahmood, V. Ntziachristos, R. Gyurko, M. C. Fishman, P. L. Huang, and R. Weissleder In Vivo Imaging of Proteolytic Activity in Atherosclerosis Circulation, June 11, 2002; 105(23): 2766 - 2771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Suwa, J. C. Hogg, K. B. Quinlan, A. Ohgami, R. Vincent, and S. F. van Eeden Particulate air pollution induces progression of atherosclerosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 20, 2002; 39(6): 935 - 942. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Hurlimann, F. Ruschitzka, and T.F. Luscher The relationship between the endothelium and the vessel wall Eur. Heart J. Suppl., February 1, 2002; 4(suppl_A): A1 - A7. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. Namiki, S. Kawashima, T. Yamashita, M. Ozaki, T. Hirase, T. Ishida, N. Inoue, K.-i. Hirata, A. Matsukawa, R. Morishita, et al. Local Overexpression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 at Vessel Wall Induces Infiltration of Macrophages and Formation of Atherosclerotic Lesion: Synergism With Hypercholesterolemia Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2002; 22(1): 115 - 120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Schmermund and R. Erbel Unstable Coronary Plaque and Its Relation to Coronary Calcium Circulation, October 2, 2001; 104(14): 1682 - 1687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Okuda, N. Inoue, H. Azumi, T. Seno, Y. Sumi, K.-i. Hirata, S. Kawashima, Y. Hayashi, H. Itoh, J. Yodoi, et al. Expression of Glutaredoxin in Human Coronary Arteries: Its Potential Role in Antioxidant Protection Against Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2001; 21(9): 1483 - 1487. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Kawasaki, H. Takatsu, T. Noda, Y. Ito, A. Kunishima, M. Arai, K. Nishigaki, G. Takemura, N. Morita, S. Minatoguchi, et al. Noninvasive quantitative tissue characterization and two-dimensional color-coded map of human atherosclerotic lesions using ultrasound integrated backscatter: Comparison between histology and integrated backscatter images J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2001; 38(2): 486 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. H. Selzman, S. A. Miller, and A. H. Harken Therapeutic implications of inflammation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 2001; 71(6): 2066 - 2074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G.K. Hansson The stabilized plaque: will the dream come true? Eur. Heart J. Suppl., June 1, 2001; 3(suppl_C): C69 - C75. [PDF]
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 L. O’Rourke, S. J. Yeaman, and P. R. Shepherd Insulin and Leptin Acutely Regulate Cholesterol Ester Metabolism in Macrophages by Novel Signaling Pathways Diabetes, May 1, 2001; 50(5): 955 - 961. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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 N. Hyka, J.-M. Dayer, C. Modoux, T. Kohno, C. K. Edwards III, P. Roux-Lombard, and D. Burger Apolipoprotein A-I inhibits the production of interleukin-1{beta} and tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} by blocking contact-mediated activation of monocytes by T lymphocytes Blood, April 15, 2001; 97(8): 2381 - 2389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. W. F. Wilson, L. I. Kauppila, C. J. O'Donnell, D. P. Kiel, M. Hannan, J. M. Polak, and L. A. Cupples Abdominal Aortic Calcific Deposits Are an Important Predictor of Vascular Morbidity and Mortality Circulation, March 20, 2001; 103(11): 1529 - 1534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. C. McGill Jr, C. A. McMahan, A. W. Zieske, G. T. Malcom, R. E. Tracy, and J. P. Strong Effects of Nonlipid Risk Factors on Atherosclerosis in Youth With a Favorable Lipoprotein Profile Circulation, March 20, 2001; 103(11): 1546 - 1550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. J. Tegos, E. Kalodiki, M. M. Sabetai, and A. N. Nicolaides The Genesis of Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors: A Review Angiology, February 1, 2001; 52(2): 89 - 98. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. G. Ruehm, C. Corot, P. Vogt, S. Kolb, and J. F. Debatin Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plaque With Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Particles of Iron Oxide in Hyperlipidemic Rabbits Circulation, January 23, 2001; 103(3): 415 - 422. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. A. Curcio, C. L. Millican, T. Bailey, and H. S. Kruth Accumulation of Cholesterol with Age in Human Bruch's Membrane Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., January 1, 2001; 42(1): 265 - 274. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Torzewski, C. Rist, R. F. Mortensen, T. P. Zwaka, M. Bienek, J. Waltenberger, W. Koenig, G. Schmitz, V. Hombach, and J. Torzewski C-Reactive Protein in the Arterial Intima : Role of C-Reactive Protein Receptor-Dependent Monocyte Recruitment in Atherogenesis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2000; 20(9): 2094 - 2099. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. C. McGill Jr, C. A. McMahan, A. W. Zieske, G. D. Sloop, J. V. Walcott, D. A. Troxclair, G. T. Malcom, R. E. Tracy, M. C. Oalmann, J. P. Strong, et al. Associations of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors With the Intermediate Lesion of Atherosclerosis in Youth Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2000; 20(8): 1998 - 2004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Sun, K. M. Dwyer, C. N. B. Merz, W. Sun, C. A. Johnson, A. M. Shircore, and J. H. Dwyer Blood Pressure, LDL Cholesterol, and Intima-Media Thickness : A Test of the "Response to Injury" Hypothesis of Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2000; 20(8): 2005 - 2010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. C. McGill Jr, C. A. McMahan, A. W. Zieske, R. E. Tracy, G. T. Malcom, E. E. Herderick, and J. P. Strong Association of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors With Microscopic Qualities of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Youth Circulation, July 25, 2000; 102(4): 374 - 379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 U. Ikeda, M. Shimpo, Y. Murakami, and K. Shimada Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Ligands Inhibit Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Hypertension, June 1, 2000; 35(6): 1232 - 1236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Baetta, M. Soma, C. De-Fraja, C. Comparato, C. Teruzzi, L. Magrassi, and E. Cattaneo Upregulation and Activation of Stat6 Precede Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in Carotid Artery Injury Model Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2000; 20(4): 931 - 939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. C. McGill Jr, C. A. McMahan, E. E. Herderick, R. E. Tracy, G. T. Malcom, A. W. Zieske, and J. P. Strong Effects of Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors on Atherosclerosis of Selected Regions of the Aorta and Right Coronary Artery Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2000; 20(3): 836 - 845. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. J. Brown, E. L. Mander, I. C. Gelissen, L. Kritharides, R. T. Dean, and W. Jessup Cholesterol and oxysterol metabolism and subcellular distribution in macrophage foam cells: accumulation of oxidized esters in lysosomes J. Lipid Res., February 1, 2000; 41(2): 226 - 237. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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D. B. Schneider, G. Vassalli, S. Wen, R. M. Driscoll, A. B. Sassani, M. B. DeYoung, R. Linnemann, R. Virmani, and D. A. Dichek Expression of Fas Ligand in Arteries of Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits Accelerates Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2000; 20(2): 298 - 308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. S. Saba, M. J. Roman, C. Longhini, D. Scorzoni, R. Pini, R. B. Devereux, and A. Ganau Carotid Intimal-Medial Thickness and Stiffness Are Not Affected by Hypercholesterolemia in Uncomplicated Essential Hypertension Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 1999; 19(11): 2788 - 2794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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