Circulation, Vol 88, 864-875, Copyright © 1993 by American Heart Association
NS Peters, CR Green, PA Poole-Wilson and NJ Severs
BACKGROUND. Gap junctions are a determinant of myocardial conduction.
Disturbances of gap-junctional content may account for abnormalities of
impulse propagation, contributing to the arrhythmic tendency and mechanical
inefficiency of ischemic and hypertrophied myocardium. The aim of this
study was to characterize gap junction organization in normal human
ventricular myocardium and to establish whether abnormalities exist in
myocardium of chronically ischemic and hypertrophied hearts. METHODS AND
RESULTS. Cardiac gap-junctional connexin43 antibodies and confocal
microscopy were used in a quantitative immunohistochemical study of
surgical myocardial samples to explore the structural basis of
electromechanical ventricular dysfunction in chronic ischemic and
hypertrophic heart diseases. Normal adult human left ventricular myocardium
had a gap-junctional surface area of 0.0051 micron2/micron3 myocyte volume;
gap junctions were confined to intercalated disks, of which there was a
mean of 11.6 per cell. The right ventricle showed similar gap junction
surface area. Left ventricular myocardium from ischemic hearts (distant
from any fibrotic scarring), despite normal numbers of intercalated disks
per cell, had a reduced gap junction surface area (0.0027 micron2/micron3;
P = .02), as did hypertrophied myocardium (0.0031 micron2/micron3; P =
.05). The cardiac myocytes in the pathological tissues were larger than
normal, and estimated gap-junctional content per cell was reduced in
ischemic ventricle (P = .02) compared with normal. CONCLUSIONS. Gap
junctions in normal adult human working ventricular myocardium occupy an
area of 0.0051 micron2/micron3 myocyte volume. This surface area is reduced
in ventricular myocardium from hearts subject to chronic hypertrophy and
ischemia, despite a normal number of intercellular abutments, and this
alteration may contribute to abnormal impulse propagation in these hearts.
ARTICLES
Reduced content of connexin43 gap junctions in ventricular myocardium from hypertrophied and ischemic human hearts
Department of Cardiac Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, England.
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H. M.W. van der Velden, J. Ausma, M. B. Rook, A. J.C.G.M. Hellemons, T. A.A.B. van Veen, M. A. Allessie, and H. J. Jongsma Gap junctional remodeling in relation to stabilization of atrial fibrillation in the goat Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2000; 46(3): 476 - 486. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E. Saffitz, K. G. Green, W. J. Kraft, K. B. Schechtman, and K. A. Yamada Effects of diminished expression of connexin43 on gap junction number and size in ventricular myocardium Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2000; 278(5): H1662 - H1670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Uzzaman, H. Honjo, Y. Takagishi, L. Emdad, A. I. Magee, N. J. Severs, and I. Kodama Remodeling of Gap Junctional Coupling in Hypertrophied Right Ventricles of Rats With Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension Circ. Res., April 28, 2000; 86(8): 871 - 878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Spach, J. F. Heidlage, P. C. Dolber, and R. C. Barr Electrophysiological Effects of Remodeling Cardiac Gap Junctions and Cell Size : Experimental and Model Studies of Normal Cardiac Growth Circ. Res., February 18, 2000; 86(3): 302 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Wolk Arrhythmogenic mechanisms in left ventricular hypertrophy Europace, January 1, 2000; 2(3): 216 - 223. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J.-A. Haefliger, J.J. Goy, and G. Waeber Sporadic cases of dilated cardiomyopathies associated with atrioventricular conduction defects are not linked to mutation within the connexins 40 and 43 genes Eur. Heart J., December 2, 1999; 20(24): 1843 - 1843. [PDF]
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T. Matsushita, M. Oyamada, K. Fujimoto, Y. Yasuda, S. Masuda, Y. Wada, T. Oka, and T. Takamatsu Remodeling of Cell-Cell and Cell-Extracellular Matrix Interactions at the Border Zone of Rat Myocardial Infarcts Circ. Res., November 26, 1999; 85(11): 1046 - 1055. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Toyofuku, M. Yabuki, K. Otsu, T. Kuzuya, M. Tada, and M. Hori Functional Role of c-Src in Gap Junctions of the Cardiomyopathic Heart Circ. Res., October 15, 1999; 85(8): 672 - 681. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kostin, S. Hein, E. P. Bauer, and J. Schaper Spatiotemporal Development and Distribution of Intercellular Junctions in Adult Rat Cardiomyocytes in Culture Circ. Res., July 23, 1999; 85(2): 154 - 167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. E. Saffitz, R. B. Schuessler, and K. A. Yamada Mechanisms of remodeling of gap junction distributions and the development of anatomic substrates of arrhythmias Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 1999; 42(2): 309 - 317. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Hagendorff, B. Schumacher, S. Kirchhoff, B. Luderitz, and K. Willecke Conduction Disturbances and Increased Atrial Vulnerability in Connexin40-Deficient Mice Analyzed by Transesophageal Stimulation Circulation, March 23, 1999; 99(11): 1508 - 1515. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. G Laing, P. N Tadros, K. Green, J. E Saffitz, and E. C Beyer Proteolysis of connexin43-containing gap junctions in normal and heat-stressed cardiac myocytes Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 1998; 38(3): 711 - 718. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. R. C. Dekker, H. Rademaker, J. T. Vermeulen, T. Opthof, R. Coronel, J. A. E. Spaan, and M. J. Janse Cellular Uncoupling During Ischemia in Hypertrophied and Failing Rabbit Ventricular Myocardium : Effects of Preconditioning Circulation, May 5, 1998; 97(17): 1724 - 1730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. S. Peters and A. L. Wit Myocardial Architecture and Ventricular Arrhythmogenesis Circulation, May 5, 1998; 97(17): 1746 - 1754. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. R. Kaprielian, M. Gunning, E. Dupont, M. N. Sheppard, S. M. Rothery, R. Underwood, D. J. Pennell, K. Fox, J. Pepper, P. A. Poole-Wilson, et al. Downregulation of Immunodetectable Connexin43 and Decreased Gap Junction Size in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Hibernation in the Human Left Ventricle Circulation, February 24, 1998; 97(7): 651 - 660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Garcia-Dorado, J. Inserte, M. Ruiz-Meana, M. A. Gonzalez, J. Solares, M. Julia, J. A. Barrabes, and J. Soler-Soler Gap Junction Uncoupler Heptanol Prevents Cell-to-Cell Progression of Hypercontracture and Limits Necrosis During Myocardial Reperfusion Circulation, November 18, 1997; 96(10): 3579 - 3586. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Cooklin, W. R. J. Wallis, D. J. Sheridan, and C. H. Fry Changes in Cell-to-Cell Electrical Coupling Associated With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Circ. Res., June 19, 1997; 80(6): 765 - 771. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N. S. Peters, J. Coromilas, N. J. Severs, and A. L. Wit Disturbed Connexin43 Gap Junction Distribution Correlates With the Location of Reentrant Circuits in the Epicardial Border Zone of Healing Canine Infarcts That Cause Ventricular Tachycardia Circulation, February 18, 1997; 95(4): 988 - 996. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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B. D. Angst, L. U.R. Khan, N. J. Severs, K. Whitely, S. Rothery, R. P. Thompson, A. I. Magee, and R. G. Gourdie Dissociated Spatial Patterning of Gap Junctions and Cell Adhesion Junctions During Postnatal Differentiation of Ventricular Myocardium Circ. Res., January 1, 1997; 80(1): 88 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. M. Gillis, V. G. Fast, S. Rohr, and A. G. Kleber Spatial Changes in Transmembrane Potential During Extracellular Electrical Shocks in Cultured Monolayers of Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes Circ. Res., October 1, 1996; 79(4): 676 - 690. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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