Circulation, Vol 87, 1135-1141, Copyright © 1993 by American Heart Association
JL Jenner, JM Ordovas, S Lamon-Fava, MM Schaefer, PW Wilson, WP Castelli and EJ Schaefer
BACKGROUND. Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is an atherogenic particle that
structurally resembles a low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle but
contains a molecule of apolipoprotein(a) attached to apolipoprotein B- 100
by a disulfide bond. Because elevated plasma levels of Lp(a) have been
shown to be an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease, it is
important to define normal ranges for this lipoprotein. METHODS AND
RESULTS. We have measured Lp(a) in 1,284 men (mean age, 48 +/- 10 years)
and 1,394 women (mean age, 48 +/- 10 years) free of cardiovascular and
cerebrovascular disease and not on medications known to affect lipids who
were seen at the third examination cycle of the Framingham Offspring Study.
Plasma Lp(a) levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,
which uses a "capture" monoclonal anti-apo(a) antibody that does not
cross-react with plasminogen, and a polyclonal anti-apo(a) antibody
conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The assay was calibrated to total
Lp(a) mass. The Lp(a) frequency distribution was highly skewed to the
right, with 56% of the values in the 0-10-mg/dL range. Mean plasma Lp(a)
concentrations were 14 +/- 17 mg/dL in men and 15 +/- 17 mg/dL in women.
Values of more than 38 mg/dL were above the 90th percentile and values of
more than 22 mg/dL were above the 75th percentile in both men and women.
CONCLUSIONS. We have determined mean Lp(a) levels for men and women
participating in the Framingham Offspring Study. In this population, there
was an inverse association between plasma levels of Lp(a) and triglycerides
for both sexes (p < 0.006), but triglycerides accounted for only
approximately 0.5% of the variation in Lp(a) levels. Associations of Lp(a)
levels with total and LDL cholesterol levels were not significant after
correction for the estimated contribution of Lp(a) cholesterol to total and
LDL cholesterol. After controlling for age, Lp(a) values were 8% greater in
postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women, but this difference was
not statistically significant. Body mass index, alcohol consumption,
cigarette smoking, use of beta-blockers or cholesterol- lowering
medications, and use of drugs for the treatment of diabetes and
hypertension were not correlated with Lp(a) levels.
ARTICLES
Effects of age, sex, and menopausal status on plasma lipoprotein(a) levels. The Framingham Offspring Study
Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  E. Merki, M. J. Graham, A. E. Mullick, E. R. Miller, R. M. Crooke, R. E. Pitas, J. L. Witztum, and S. Tsimikas Antisense Oligonucleotide Directed to Human Apolipoprotein B-100 Reduces Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Oxidized Phospholipids on Human Apolipoprotein B-100 Particles in Lipoprotein(a) Transgenic Mice Circulation, August 12, 2008; 118(7): 743 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. R. Kamstrup, M. Benn, A. Tybjaerg-Hansen, and B. G. Nordestgaard Extreme Lipoprotein(a) Levels and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in the General Population: The Copenhagen City Heart Study Circulation, January 15, 2008; 117(2): 176 - 184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Vega-Lopez, L. M Ausman, S. M Jalbert, A. T Erkkila, and A. H Lichtenstein Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2006; 84(1): 54 - 62. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Wanke, J. Gerrior, K. Hendricks, J. McNamara, and E. Schaefer Alterations in Lipid Profiles in HIV-Infected Patients Treated With Protease Inhibitor Therapy Are Not Influenced by Diet Nutr Clin Pract, December 1, 2005; 20(6): 668 - 673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. T. Bloomgarden Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Aspects of Insulin Action Diabetes Care, September 1, 2005; 28(9): 2312 - 2319. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. K. Koh and I. Sakuma Should Progestins Be Blamed for the Failure of Hormone Replacement Therapy to Reduce Cardiovascular Events in Randomized Controlled Trials? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2004; 24(7): 1171 - 1179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. C. Carr The Emergence of the Metabolic Syndrome with Menopause J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2404 - 2411. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Furukawa, K. Kazuma, M. Kawa, M. Miyashita, K. Niiro, R. Kusukawa, and M. Kojima Effects of an Off-Site Walking Program on Energy Expenditure, Serum Lipids, and Glucose Metabolism in Middle-Aged Women Biol Res Nurs, January 1, 2003; 4(3): 181 - 192. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. K. Koh Effects of estrogen on the vascular wall: vasomotor function and inflammation Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2002; 55(4): 714 - 726. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V Solfrizzi, F Panza, A D'Introno, A M Colacicco, C Capurso, A M Basile, and A Capurso Lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein E genotype, and risk of Alzheimer's disease J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, June 1, 2002; 72(6): 732 - 736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H. Lichtenstein, L. M. Ausman, S. M. Jalbert, M. Vilella-Bach, M. Jauhiainen, S. McGladdery, A. T. Erkkila, C. Ehnholm, J. Frohlich, and E. J. Schaefer Efficacy of a Therapeutic Lifestyle Change/Step 2 diet in moderately hypercholesterolemic middle-aged and elderly female and male subjects J. Lipid Res., February 1, 2002; 43(2): 264 - 273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Ricci, G. Tamaro, R. Simeone, E. Giolo, G. Nucera, F. De Seta, and S. Guaschino Lipoprotein(a) changes during natural menstrual cycle and ovarian stimulation with recombinant and highly purified urinary FSH Hum. Reprod., March 1, 2001; 16(3): 449 - 456. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Hernández, P. Chacón, L. García-Pascual, and R. Simó Differential Influence of LDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides on Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations in Diabetic Patients Diabetes Care, February 1, 2001; 24(2): 350 - 355. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W.D Ashton, K Nanchahal, and D.A Wood Body mass index and metabolic risk factors for coronary heart disease in women Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2001; 22(1): 46 - 55. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. G. Shlipak, J. A. Simon, E. Vittinghoff, F. Lin, E. Barrett-Connor, R. H. Knopp, R. I. Levy, and S. B. Hulley Estrogen and Progestin, Lipoprotein(a), and the Risk of Recurrent Coronary Heart Disease Events After Menopause JAMA, April 12, 2000; 283(14): 1845 - 1852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M. Wolfe, P. H. R. Barrett, L. Laurier, and M. W. Huff Effects of continuous conjugated estrogen and micronized progesterone therapy upon lipoprotein metabolism in postmenopausal women J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2000; 41(3): 368 - 375. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. EDMUNDS and G.Y.H. LIP Cardiovascular risk in women: the cardiologist's perspective QJM, March 1, 2000; 93(3): 135 - 145. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Snieder, L. J. P. van Doornen, and D. I. Boomsma Dissecting the Genetic Architecture of Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins : Lessons From Twin Studies Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 1999; 19(12): 2826 - 2834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B Jorgensen, S Simonsen, K Endresen, K Forfang, T Egeland, A.T Hostmark, and E Thaulow Luminal loss and restenosis after coronary angioplasty. The role of lipoproteins and lipids Eur. Heart J., October 1, 1999; 20(19): 1407 - 1414. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Tao, F. Acquati, S. M. Marcovina, and H. H. Hobbs Human Growth Hormone Increases Apo(a) Expression in Transgenic Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 1999; 19(10): 2439 - 2447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Thorsen, P. Nordström, R. Lorentzon, and G. H. Dahlén The Relation between Bone Mineral Density, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Lipoprotein (a), Body Composition, and Muscle Strength in Adolescent Males J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1999; 84(9): 3025 - 3029. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. J. Seman, C. DeLuca, J. L. Jenner, L. A. Cupples, J. R. McNamara, P. W.F. Wilson, W. P. Castelli, J. M. Ordovas, and E. J. Schaefer Lipoprotein(a)-Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease in the Framingham Heart Study Clin. Chem., July 1, 1999; 45(7): 1039 - 1046. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H. Lichtenstein, L. M. Ausman, S. M. Jalbert, and E. J. Schaefer Effects of Different Forms of Dietary Hydrogenated Fats on Serum Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels N. Engl. J. Med., June 24, 1999; 340(25): 1933 - 1940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Boffelli, D. A. Zajchowski, Z. Yang, and R. M. Lawn Estrogen Modulation of Apolipoprotein(a) Expression. IDENTIFICATION OF A REGULATORY ELEMENT J. Biol. Chem., May 28, 1999; 274(22): 15569 - 15574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Wehinger, A. Kastrati, S. Elezi, H. Baum, S. Braun, F.-J. Neumann, and A. Schomig Lipoprotein(a) and coronary thrombosis and restenosis after stent placement J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 15, 1999; 33(4): 1005 - 1012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Sbarouni, Z. S. Kyriakides, and D. T. Kremastinos The effect of hormone replacement therapy alone and in combination with simvastatin on plasma lipids of hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 1, 1998; 32(5): 1244 - 1250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Ribichini, G. Steffenino, A. Dellavalle, A. Vado, V. Ferrero, T. Camilla, S. Giubergia, and E. Uslenghi Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Is Not a Predictor for Restenosis After Elective High-Pressure Coronary Stenting Circulation, September 22, 1998; 98(12): 1172 - 1177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Su, H. Campos, H. Judge, B. W. Walsh, and F. M. Sacks Metabolism of Apo(a) and ApoB100 of Lipoprotein(a) in Women: Effect of Postmenopausal Estrogen Replacement J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 1998; 83(9): 3267 - 3276. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Donazzan, D. Monti, D. Mari, S. Martini, C. Gabelli, M. D. Vestra, L. Previato, M. Guido, S. Pigozzo, I. Cortella, et al. Lipoprotein(a) and lipoprotein profile in healthy centenarians: a reappraisal of vascular risk factors FASEB J, April 1, 1998; 12(6): 433 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. R. Zysow, K. Kauser, R. M. Lawn, and G. M. Rubanyi Effects of Estrus Cycle, Ovariectomy, and Treatment with Estrogen, Tamoxifen, and Progesterone on Apolipoprotein(a) Gene Expression in Transgenic Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 1997; 17(9): 1741 - 1745. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. T. Williams and R. M. Krauss Associations of Age, Adiposity, Menopause, and Alcohol Intake With Low-Density Lipoprotein Subclasses Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 1997; 17(6): 1082 - 1090. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Orth-Gomer, M. A. Mittleman, K. Schenck-Gustafsson, S. P. Wamala, M. Eriksson, K. Belkic, R. Kirkeeide, B. Svane, and L. Ryden Lipoprotein(a) as a Determinant of Coronary Heart Disease in Young Women Circulation, January 21, 1997; 95(2): 329 - 334. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Lamon-Fava, P. W.F. Wilson, and E. J. Schaefer Impact of Body Mass Index on Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors in Men and Women: The Framingham Offspring Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 1996; 16(12): 1509 - 1515. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sunayama, H. Daida, H. Mokuno, H. Miyano, H. Yokoi, Y. J. Lee, H. Sakurai, and H. Yamaguchi Lack of Increased Coronary Atherosclerotic Risk Due to Elevated Lipoprotein(a) in Women >=55 Years of Age Circulation, September 15, 1996; 94(6): 1263 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kario, T. Matsuo, H. Kobayashi, R. Asada, and M. Matsuo `Silent' Cerebral Infarction Is Associated With Hypercoagulability, Endothelial Cell Damage, and High Lp(a) Levels in Elderly Japanese Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 1996; 16(6): 734 - 741. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Guetta and R. O. Cannon III Cardiovascular Effects of Estrogen and Lipid-Lowering Therapies in Postmenopausal Women Circulation, May 15, 1996; 93(10): 1928 - 1937. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Salomaa, V. Rasi, J. Pekkanen, E. Vahtera, M. Jauhiainen, E. Vartiainen, C. Ehnholm, J. Tuomilehto, and G. Myllyla Association of Hormone Replacement Therapy With Hemostatic and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors : The FINRISK Hemostasis Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 1995; 15(10): 1549 - 1555. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Willeit, S. Kiechl, P. Santer, F. Oberhollenzer, G. Egger, E. Jarosch, and A. Mair Lipoprotein(a) and Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Disease : Evidence of a Prominent Role in the Evolution of Advanced Carotid Plaques: The Bruneck Study Stroke, September 1, 1995; 26(9): 1582 - 1587. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. Schaefer, A. H. Lichtenstein, S. Lamon-Fava, J. H. Contois, Z. Li, H. Rasmussen, J. R. McNamara, and J. M. Ordovas Efficacy of a National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 Diet in Normolipidemic and Hypercholesterolemic Middle-Aged and Elderly Men and Women Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., August 1, 1995; 15(8): 1079 - 1085. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Moliterno, E. V. Jokinen, A. R. Miserez, R. A. Lange, J. E. Willard, E. Boerwinkle, L. D. Hillis, and H. H. Hobbs No Association Between Plasma Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations and the Presence or Absence of Coronary Atherosclerosis in African-Americans Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 1995; 15(7): 850 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Rainwater, M. J. Ludwig, S. M. Haffner, and J. L. VandeBerg Lipid and Lipoprotein Factors Associated With Variation in Lp(a) Density Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., March 1, 1995; 15(3): 313 - 319. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Desmarais, I. J. Sarembock, C. R. Ayers, S. M. Vernon, E. R. Powers, and L. W. Gimple Elevated Serum Lipoprotein(a) Is a Risk Factor for Clinical Recurrence After Coronary Balloon Angioplasty Circulation, March 1, 1995; 91(5): 1403 - 1409. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|