Circulation, Vol 86, 494-503, Copyright © 1992 by American Heart Association
T Ogawa, RJ Spina, WH Martin 3d, WM Kohrt, KB Schechtman, JO Holloszy and AA Ehsani
BACKGROUND. The relative contributions of decreases in maximal heart rate,
stroke volume, and oxygen extraction and of changes in body weight and
composition to the age-related decline in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max)
are unclear and may be influenced by sex and level of physical activity.
METHODS AND RESULTS. To investigate mechanisms by which aging, sex, and
physical activity influence VO2max, we quantified VO2, cardiac output, and
heart rate during submaximal and maximal treadmill exercise and assessed
weight and fat-free mass in healthy younger and older sedentary and
endurance exercise-trained men and women. For results expressed in
milliliters per kilogram per minute, a three-to-four-decade greater age was
associated with a 40-41% lower VO2max in sedentary subjects and a 25-32%
lower VO2max in trained individuals (p less than 0.001). A smaller stroke
volume accounted for nearly 50% of these age-related differences, and the
remainder was explained by a lower maximal heart rate and reduced oxygen
extraction (all p less than 0.001). Age-related effects on maximal heart
rate and oxygen extraction were attenuated in trained subjects (p less than
0.05). After normalization of VO2max and maximal cardiac output to fat-
free mass, age- and training-related differences were reduced by 24-47% but
remained significant (p less than 0.05). For trained but not sedentary
subjects, maximal cardiac output and stroke volume normalized to fat-free
mass were greater in men than in women (p less than 0.05). CONCLUSIONS. A
lower stroke volume, heart rate, and arteriovenous oxygen difference at
maximal exercise all contribute to the age-related decline in VO2max.
Effects of age and training on VO2max, maximal cardiac output, and stroke
volume cannot be fully explained by differences in body composition. In
sedentary subjects, however, the sex difference in maximal cardiac output
and stroke volume can be accounted for by the greater percentage of body
fat in women than in men.
ARTICLES
Effects of aging, sex, and physical training on cardiovascular responses to exercise
Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  C. R. Woodman Setting the "tone" for aging in the skeletal muscle microcirculation J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2009; 107(2): 377 - 378. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. L. Sindler, M. D. Delp, R. Reyes, G. Wu, and J. M. Muller-Delp Effects of ageing and exercise training on eNOS uncoupling in skeletal muscle resistance arterioles J. Physiol., August 1, 2009; 587(15): 3885 - 3897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Grewal, R. B. McCully, G. C. Kane, C. Lam, and P. A. Pellikka Left Ventricular Function and Exercise Capacity JAMA, January 21, 2009; 301(3): 286 - 294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. F. Zoeller Jr. Gender Differences in Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Advancing Age: Is the Age-Associated Decline in VO2max More Rapid in Men and Do Older Men and Women Respond Differently to Exercise? American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, November 1, 2008; 2(6): 492 - 499. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. D. Christou and D. R. Seals Decreased maximal heart rate with aging is related to reduced {beta}-adrenergic responsiveness but is largely explained by a reduction in intrinsic heart rate J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2008; 105(1): 24 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. M. Riordan, E. P. Weiss, T. E. Meyer, A. A. Ehsani, S. B. Racette, D. T. Villareal, L. Fontana, J. O. Holloszy, and S. J. Kovacs The effects of caloric restriction- and exercise-induced weight loss on left ventricular diastolic function Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2008; 294(3): H1174 - H1182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Kurtze, V. Rangul, B.-E. Hustvedt, and W D. Flanders Reliability and validity of self-reported physical activity in the Nord-Trondelag Health Study -- HUNT 1 Scand J Public Health, January 1, 2008; 36(1): 52 - 61. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Lucia, C. Foster, P.-M. Lepretre, E. Henriksen, M. Sundstedt, P. Hedberg, C. A. Vella, R. A. Robergs, E. F. Coyle, J. D. Trinity, et al. Stroke volume does/does not decline during exercise at maximal effort in healthy individuals J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2008; 104(1): 281 - 283. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Tanaka and D. R. Seals Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms J. Physiol., January 1, 2008; 586(1): 55 - 63. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. P. Weiss, R. J. Spina, J. O. Holloszy, and A. A. Ehsani Gender differences in the decline in aerobic capacity and its physiological determinants during the later decades of life J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2006; 101(3): 938 - 944. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. R. Deschenes, J. A. Carter, E. N. Matney, M. B. Potter, and M. H. Wilson Aged Men Experience Disturbances in Recovery Following Submaximal Exercise J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., January 1, 2006; 61(1): 63 - 71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Ridout, B. A. Parker, and D. N. Proctor Age and regional specificity of peak limb vascular conductance in women J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2005; 99(6): 2067 - 2074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. L. Chen, S. C. Mears, and R. J. Hawkins Orthopaedic Care of the Aging Athlete J. Am. Acad. Ortho. Surg., October 1, 2005; 13(6): 407 - 416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. A. Ades and M. J. Toth Accelerated Decline of Aerobic Fitness With Healthy Aging: What Is the Good News? Circulation, August 2, 2005; 112(5): 624 - 626. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Fleg, C. H. Morrell, A. G. Bos, L. J. Brant, L. A. Talbot, J. G. Wright, and E. G. Lakatta Accelerated Longitudinal Decline of Aerobic Capacity in Healthy Older Adults Circulation, August 2, 2005; 112(5): 674 - 682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. B Rossiter, R. A Howlett, H. H Holcombe, P. L Entin, H. E Wagner, and P. D Wagner Age is no barrier to muscle structural, biochemical and angiogenic adaptations to training up to 24 months in female rats J. Physiol., June 15, 2005; 565(3): 993 - 1005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C A Vella and R A Robergs A review of the stroke volume response to upright exercise in healthy subjects Br. J. Sports Med., April 1, 2005; 39(4): 190 - 195. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Haykowsky, J. McGavock, I. Vonder Muhll, M. Koller, S. Mandic, R. Welsh, and D. Taylor Effect of Exercise Training on Peak Aerobic Power, Left Ventricular Morphology, and Muscle Strength in Healthy Older Women J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., March 1, 2005; 60(3): 307 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Bell, J. M. Carson, N. W. Motte, and D. R. Seals Ascorbic acid does not affect the age-associated reduction in maximal cardiac output and oxygen consumption in healthy adults J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2005; 98(3): 845 - 849. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J Fadel, Z. Wang, H. Watanabe, D. Arbique, W. Vongpatanasin, and G. D Thomas Augmented sympathetic vasoconstriction in exercising forearms of postmenopausal women is reversed by oestrogen therapy J. Physiol., December 15, 2004; 561(3): 893 - 901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Hagen, D. J. Krause, D. J. Baker, M. H. Fu, M. A. Tarnopolsky, and R. T. Hepple Skeletal Muscle Aging in F344BN F1-Hybrid Rats: I. Mitochondrial Dysfunction Contributes to the Age-Associated Reduction in VO2max J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., November 1, 2004; 59(11): 1099 - 1110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. T. Hepple, J. L. Hagen, D. J. Krause, and D. J. Baker Skeletal Muscle Aging in F344BN F1-Hybrid Rats: II. Improved Contractile Economy in Senescence Helps Compensate for Reduced ATP-Generating Capacity J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., November 1, 2004; 59(11): 1111 - 1119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Magner and D. Royston Heart failure Br. J. Anaesth., July 1, 2004; 93(1): 74 - 85. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. A. Spier, M. D. Delp, C. J. Meininger, A. J. Donato, M. W. Ramsey, and J. M. Muller-Delp Effects of ageing and exercise training on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and structure of rat skeletal muscle arterioles J. Physiol., May 1, 2004; 556(3): 947 - 958. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Lawrenson, J. Hoff, and R. S. Richardson Aging attenuates vascular and metabolic plasticity but does not limit improvement in muscle VO2 max Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): H1565 - H1572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Brunelli, M. Monteverde, M. Al Refai, and A. Fianchini Stair climbing test as a predictor of cardiopulmonary complications after pulmonary lobectomy in the elderly Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 2004; 77(1): 266 - 270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Tanaka and D. R. Seals Invited Review: Dynamic exercise performance in Masters athletes: insight into the effects of primary human aging on physiological functional capacity J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2003; 95(5): 2152 - 2162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Ehsani, R. J. Spina, L. R. Peterson, M. R. Rinder, K. L. Glover, D. T. Villareal, E. F. Binder, and J. O. Holloszy Attenuation of cardiovascular adaptations to exercise in frail octogenarians J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2003; 95(5): 1781 - 1788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. N. Proctor, D. W. Koch, S. C. Newcomer, K. U. Le, and U. A. Leuenberger Impaired leg vasodilation during dynamic exercise in healthy older women J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2003; 95(5): 1963 - 1970. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Oxenham and N. Sharpe Cardiovascular aging and heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, August 1, 2003; 5(4): 427 - 434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. R. Nissenson, L. T. Goodnough, and R. W. Dubois Anemia: Not Just an Innocent Bystander? Arch Intern Med, June 23, 2003; 163(12): 1400 - 1404. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Pimentel, C. L. Gentile, H. Tanaka, D. R. Seals, and P. E. Gates Greater rate of decline in maximal aerobic capacity with age in endurance-trained than in sedentary men J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2003; 94(6): 2406 - 2413. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. R. Peterson, M. R. Rinder, K. B. Schechtman, R. J. Spina, K. L. Glover, D. T. Villareal, and A. A. Ehsani Peak exercise stroke volume: associations with cardiac structure and diastolic function J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2003; 94(3): 1108 - 1114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. T. Hepple, J. L. Hagen, D. J. Krause, and C. C. Jackson Aerobic power declines with aging in rat skeletal muscles perfused at matched convective O2 delivery J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2003; 94(2): 744 - 751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Donato, K. Tench, D. H. Glueck, D. R. Seals, I. Eskurza, and H. Tanaka Declines in physiological functional capacity with age: a longitudinal study in peak swimming performance J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2003; 94(2): 764 - 769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Muller-Delp, S. A. Spier, M. W. Ramsey, and M. D. Delp Aging impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in rat skeletal muscle arterioles Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2002; 283(4): H1662 - H1672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Eskurza, A. J. Donato, K. L. Moreau, D. R. Seals, and H. Tanaka Changes in maximal aerobic capacity with age in endurance-trained women: 7-yr follow-up J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2002; 92(6): 2303 - 2308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. T. Goodnough and R. G. Bach Anemia, Transfusion, and Mortality N. Engl. J. Med., October 25, 2001; 345(17): 1272 - 1274. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. F. Fletcher, G. J. Balady, E. A. Amsterdam, B. Chaitman, R. Eckel, J. Fleg, V. F. Froelicher, A. S. Leon, I. L. Pina, R. Rodney, et al. Exercise Standards for Testing and Training: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association Circulation, October 2, 2001; 104(14): 1694 - 1740. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. K. McGuire, B. D. Levine, J. W. Williamson, P. G. Snell, C. G. Blomqvist, B. Saltin, and J. H. Mitchell A 30-Year Follow-Up of the Dallas Bed Rest and Training Study: I. Effect of Age on the Cardiovascular Response to Exercise Circulation, September 18, 2001; 104(12): 1350 - 1357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. K. McGuire, B. D. Levine, J. W. Williamson, P. G. Snell, C. G. Blomqvist, B. Saltin, and J. H. Mitchell A 30-Year Follow-Up of the Dallas Bed Rest and Training Study: II. Effect of Age on Cardiovascular Adaptation to Exercise Training Circulation, September 18, 2001; 104(12): 1358 - 1366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. C.W. Hsia Coordinated Adaptation of Oxygen Transport in Cardiopulmonary Disease Circulation, August 21, 2001; 104(8): 963 - 969. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-J. Priebe The aged cardiovascular risk patient Br. J. Anaesth., November 1, 2000; 85(5): 763 - 778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Chamari, S. Ahmaidi, J. Ayoub, A. Merzouk, C. Laparidis, D. Choquet, J. Mercier, and C. Préfaut Effects of Aging on Cardiorespiratory Responses to Brief and Intense Intermittent Exercise in Endurance-Trained Athletes J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., November 1, 2000; 55(11): 537B - 544. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Mezzani, U. Corra, C. Baroffio, E. Bosimini, and P. Giannuzzi Habitual Activities and Peak Aerobic Capacity in Patients With Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Left Ventricular Dysfunction Chest, May 1, 2000; 117(5): 1291 - 1299. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. M. Wilson and H. Tanaka Meta-analysis of the age-associated decline in maximal aerobic capacity in men: relation to training status Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2000; 278(3): H829 - H834. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. E. Suman, D. Hasten, M. J. Turner, M. R. Rinder, R. J. Spina, and A. A. Ehsani Enhanced inotropic response to dobutamine in strength-trained subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2000; 88(2): 534 - 539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Schoder, D. H. Silverman, R. Campisi, J. W. Sayre, M. E. Phelps, H. R. Schelbert, and J. Czernin Regulation of myocardial blood flow response to mental stress in healthy individuals Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2000; 278(2): H360 - H366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. T. Yang and Y. Feng bFGF increases collateral blood flow in aged rats with femoral artery ligation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2000; 278(1): H85 - H93. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Beere, S. D. Russell, M. C. Morey, D. W. Kitzman, and M. B. Higginbotham Aerobic Exercise Training Can Reverse Age-Related Peripheral Circulatory Changes in Healthy Older Men Circulation, September 7, 1999; 100(10): 1085 - 1094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. E. Hunt, K. P. Davy, P. P. Jones, C. A. DeSouza, R. E. Van Pelt, H. Tanaka, and D. R. Seals Role of central circulatory factors in the fat-free mass-maximal aerobic capacity relation across age Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 1998; 275(4): H1178 - H1182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Hagberg, A. P. Goldberg, L. Lakatta, F. C. O'Connor, L. C. Becker, E. G. Lakatta, and J. L. Fleg Expanded blood volumes contribute to the increased cardiovascular performance of endurance-trained older men J Appl Physiol, August 1, 1998; 85(2): 484 - 489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Rosen, J. D. Sorkin, A. P. Goldberg, J. M. Hagberg, and L. I. Katzel Predictors of age-associated decline in maximal aerobic capacity: a comparison of four statistical models J Appl Physiol, June 1, 1998; 84(6): 2163 - 2170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. N. Proctor, K. C. Beck, P. H. Shen, T. J. Eickhoff, J. R. Halliwill, and M. J. Joyner Influence of age and gender on cardiac output-VO2 relationships during submaximal cycle ergometry J Appl Physiol, February 1, 1998; 84(2): 599 - 605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Spina, M. J. Turner, and A. A. Ehsani beta -Adrenergic-mediated improvement in left ventricular function by exercise training in older men Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 1998; 274(2): H397 - H404. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Mier, M. J. Turner, A. A. Ehsani, and R. J. Spina Cardiovascular adaptations to 10 days of cycle exercise J Appl Physiol, December 1, 1997; 83(6): 1900 - 1906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Fitzgerald, H. Tanaka, Z. V. Tran, and D. R. Seals Age-related declines in maximal aerobic capacity in regularly exercising vs. sedentary women: a meta-analysis J Appl Physiol, July 1, 1997; 83(1): 160 - 165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. N. Proctor and M. J. Joyner Skeletal muscle mass and the reduction of VO2 max in trained older subjects J Appl Physiol, May 1, 1997; 82(5): 1411 - 1415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. T. Stevenson, K. P. Davy, P. P. Jones, C. A. Desouza, and a. D. R. Seals Blood pressure risk factors in healthy postmenopausal women: physical activity and hormone replacement J Appl Physiol, February 1, 1997; 82(2): 652 - 660. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. E. Taffet, L. A. Michael, and C. A. Tate Exercise training improves lusitropy by isoproterenol in papillary muscles from aged rats J Appl Physiol, October 1, 1996; 81(4): 1488 - 1494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Ades, M. L. Waldmann, W. L. Meyer, K. A. Brown, E. T. Poehlman, W. W. Pendlebury, K. O. Leslie, P. R. Gray, R. R. Lew, and M. M. LeWinter Skeletal Muscle and Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise Conditioning in Older Coronary Patients Circulation, August 1, 1996; 94(3): 323 - 330. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Schulman, J. L. Fleg, A. P. Goldberg, J. Busby-Whitehead, J. M. Hagberg, F. C. O'Connor, G. Gerstenblith, L. C. Becker, L. I. Katzel, L. E. Lakatta, et al. Continuum of Cardiovascular Performance Across a Broad Range of Fitness Levels in Healthy Older Men Circulation, August 1, 1996; 94(3): 359 - 367. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|