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Circulation, Vol 84, 527-539, Copyright © 1991 by American Heart Association
BACKGROUND. Atrial fibrillation in the absence of rheumatic valvular
disease is associated with a fivefold to sevenfold increased risk of
ischemic stroke. METHODS AND MAIN RESULTS. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial
Fibrillation Study, a multicenter, randomized trial, compared 325 mg/day
aspirin (double-blind) or warfarin with placebo for prevention of ischemic
stroke and systemic embolism (primary events), and included 1,330
inpatients and outpatients with constant or intermittent atrial
fibrillation. During a mean follow-up of 1.3 years, the rate of primary
events in patients assigned to placebo was 6.3% per year and was reduced by
42% in those assigned to aspirin (3.6% per year; p = 0.02; 95% confidence
interval, 9-63%). In the subgroup of warfarin-eligible patients (most less
than 76 years old), warfarin dose- adjusted to prolong prothrombin time to
1.3-fold to 1.8-fold that of control reduced the risk of primary events by
67% (warfarin versus placebo, 2.3% versus 7.4% per year; p = 0.01; 95%
confidence interval, 27-85%). Primary events or death were reduced 58% (p =
0.01) by warfarin and 32% (p = 0.02) by aspirin. The risk of significant
bleeding was 1.5%, 1.4%, and 1.6% per year in patients assigned to
warfarin, aspirin, and placebo, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. Aspirin and
warfarin are both effective in reducing ischemic stroke and systemic
embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Because warfarin- eligible
patients composed a subset of all aspirin-eligible patients, the magnitude
of reduction in events by warfarin versus aspirin cannot be compared. Too
few events occurred in warfarin-eligible patients to directly assess the
relative benefit of aspirin compared with warfarin, and the trial is
continuing to address this issue. Patients with nonrheumatic atrial
fibrillation who can safely take either aspirin or warfarin should receive
prophylactic antithrombotic therapy to reduce the risk of stroke.
ARTICLES
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Study. Final results
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 Additional Information JAMA, November 2, 2005; 294(17): E1 - E3. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. L. Waldo, R. C. Becker, V. F. Tapson, K. J. Colgan, and for the NABOR Steering Committee Hospitalized Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and a High Risk of Stroke Are Not Being Provided With Adequate Anticoagulation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 1, 2005; 46(9): 1729 - 1736. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Kohsaka, R. R. Sciacca, K. Sugioka, R. L. Sacco, S. Homma, and M. R. Di Tullio Electrocardiographic Left Atrial Abnormalities and Risk of Ischemic Stroke Stroke, November 1, 2005; 36(11): 2481 - 2483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Miyasaka, M. E. Barnes, B. J. Gersh, S. S. Cha, J. B. Seward, K. R. Bailey, T. Iwasaka, and T. S.M. Tsang Time Trends of Ischemic Stroke Incidence and Mortality in Patients Diagnosed With First Atrial Fibrillation in 1980 to 2000: Report of a Community-Based Study Stroke, November 1, 2005; 36(11): 2362 - 2366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Rienstra, D. J. Van Veldhuisen, V. E. Hagens, A. V. Ranchor, N. J.G.M. Veeger, H. J.G.M. Crijns, I. C. Van Gelder, and for the RACE Investigators Gender-Related Differences in Rhythm Control Treatment in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Data of the Rate Control Versus Electrical Cardioversion (RACE) Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 4, 2005; 46(7): 1298 - 1306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Man-Son-Hing, B. F. Gage, A. A. Montgomery, A. Howitt, R. Thomson, P. J. Devereaux, J. Protheroe, T. Fahey, D. Armstrong, and A. Laupacis Preference-Based Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation: Implications for Clinical Decision Making Med Decis Making, September 1, 2005; 25(5): 548 - 559. [Abstract] [PDF]
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P. B. Gorelick and S. M. Weisman Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke With Aspirin Use: An Update Stroke, August 1, 2005; 36(8): 1801 - 1807. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. H. Falk Rate Control Is Preferable to Rhythm Control in the Majority of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Circulation, June 14, 2005; 111(23): 3141 - 3150. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. J. Lim, C. Roychoudhury, P. L. Baker, E. Bossone, and R. H. Mehta Differences in quality of care among patients hospitalized with atrial fibrillation as primary or secondary cause for admission Int. J. Qual. Health Care, June 1, 2005; 17(3): 255 - 258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R Katira, A Chauhan, and R S More Direct thrombin inhibitors: novel antithrombotics on the horizon in the thromboprophylactic management of atrial fibrillation Postgrad. Med. J., June 1, 2005; 81(956): 370 - 375. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. G. Sherman, S. G. Kim, B. S. Boop, S. D. Corley, J. P. DiMarco, R. G. Hart, L. J. Haywood, K. Hoyte, E. S. Kaufman, M. H. Kim, et al. Occurrence and Characteristics of Stroke Events in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Sinus Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Study Arch Intern Med, May 23, 2005; 165(10): 1185 - 1191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M.W. Bath, L. Zhao, and S. Heptinstall Current status of stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation Eur. Heart J. Suppl., May 1, 2005; 7(suppl_C): C12 - C18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Emmerich, J.-Y. Le Heuzey, P. M.W. Bath, and S. J. Connolly Indication for antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: reconciling the guidelines with clinical practice Eur. Heart J. Suppl., May 1, 2005; 7(suppl_C): C28 - C33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Schulman and R. J. Beyth Risk of bleeding with long-term antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation Eur. Heart J. Suppl., May 1, 2005; 7(suppl_C): C34 - C40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. S.J. Miller, M. F. Drummond, L. K. Langkilde, J. J.V. McMurray, and M. Ogren Economic factors associated with antithrombotic treatments for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation Eur. Heart J. Suppl., May 1, 2005; 7(suppl_C): C41 - C54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. L. O'Brien and B. F. Gage Costs and Effectiveness of Ximelagatran for Stroke Prophylaxis in Chronic Atrial Fibrillation JAMA, February 9, 2005; 293(6): 699 - 706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Page Newly Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation N. Engl. J. Med., December 2, 2004; 351(23): 2408 - 2416. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. W. Reynolds, K. Fahrbach, O. Hauch, G. Wygant, R. Estok, C. Cella, and L. Nalysnyk Warfarin Anticoagulation and Outcomes in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis Chest, December 1, 2004; 126(6): 1938 - 1945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z R Yousef, S C Tandy, V Tudor, F Jishi, R J Trent, D K Watson, and R P W Cowell Warfarin for non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation: five year experience in a district general hospital Heart, November 1, 2004; 90(11): 1259 - 1262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. F. Gage, C. van Walraven, L. Pearce, R. G. Hart, P. J. Koudstaal, B.S.P. Boode, and P. Petersen Selecting Patients With Atrial Fibrillation for Anticoagulation: Stroke Risk Stratification in Patients Taking Aspirin Circulation, October 19, 2004; 110(16): 2287 - 2292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. D. Flemming and R. D. Brown Jr Secondary Prevention Strategies in Ischemic Stroke: Identification and Optimal Management of Modifiable Risk Factors Mayo Clin. Proc., October 1, 2004; 79(10): 1330 - 1340. [Abstract] [PDF]
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K. H. Humphries, C. R. Kerr, M. Steinbuch, P. Dorian, and for The Canadian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation Limitations to antiarrhythmic drug use in patients with atrial fibrillation Can. Med. Assoc. J., September 28, 2004; 171(7): 741 - 745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Ansell, J. Hirsh, L. Poller, H. Bussey, A. Jacobson, and E. Hylek The Pharmacology and Management of the Vitamin K Antagonists: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy Chest, September 1, 2004; 126(3_suppl): 204S - 233S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Patrono, B. Coller, G. A. FitzGerald, J. Hirsh, and G. Roth Platelet-Active Drugs: The Relationships Among Dose, Effectiveness, and Side Effects: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy Chest, September 1, 2004; 126(3_suppl): 234S - 264S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. E. Singer, G. W. Albers, J. E. Dalen, A. S. Go, J. L. Halperin, and W. J. Manning Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy Chest, September 1, 2004; 126(3_suppl): 429S - 456S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J L Martins, K F Fox, D A Wood, D C Lefroy, T J Collier, and N S Peters Rapid access arrhythmia clinic for the diagnosis and management of new arrhythmias presenting in the community: a prospective, descriptive study Heart, August 1, 2004; 90(8): 877 - 881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Crystal and S. J Connolly Role of oral anticoagulation in management of atrial fibrillation Heart, July 1, 2004; 90(7): 813 - 817. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. D. Ezekowitz and R. H. Falk The Increasing Need for Anticoagulant Therapy to Prevent Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Mayo Clin. Proc., July 1, 2004; 79(7): 904 - 913. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. S. Steinberg, A. Sadaniantz, J. Kron, A. Krahn, D. M. Denny, J. Daubert, W. B. Campbell, E. Havranek, K. Murray, B. Olshansky, et al. Analysis of Cause-Specific Mortality in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Study Circulation, April 27, 2004; 109(16): 1973 - 1980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Vora, D. Karnad, V. Goyal, A. Naik, A. Gupta, Y. Lokhandwala, H. Kulkarni, and B. N. Singh Control of Heart Rate Versus Rhythm in Rheumatic Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized Study Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, April 1, 2004; 9(2): 65 - 73. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 M. B. Dowd Anticoagulation in the Elderly Journal of Pharmacy Practice, April 1, 2004; 17(2): 94 - 102. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S.B. Olsson New advances in stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: ximelagatran and direct thrombin inhibition Eur. Heart J. Suppl., April 1, 2004; 6(suppl_B): B20 - B24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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