Rapid ventricular pacing in the dog: pathophysiologic studies of heart failure

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Circulation. 1986;74:1075-1084

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Rapid ventricular pacing in the dog: pathophysiologic studies of heart failure

PW Armstrong, TP Stopps, SE Ford and AJ de Bold

We examined rapid ventricular cardiac pacing as a means of inducing heart failure in the dog to establish the sequence and nature of physiologic compensation in this preparation. Seven animals paced at 250 beats/min for 3 weeks (VP1 group) showed an increase in cardiac size from 78.5 +/- 9.5(SD) to 105.8 +/- 13.0 cm2, a reduction in mean arterial pressure from 149 +/- 7 to 130 +/- 21 mm Hg, a fall in cardiac index from 196 +/- 57 to 125 +/- 37 ml/kg/min, and an increase in left ventricular filling pressure from 6 +/- 5 to 22 +/- 9 mm Hg and in right atrial pressure from 2 +/- 2 to 5 +/- 3 mm Hg. An additional series of six animals (VP2 group) was paced until a clear biologic end point for heart failure was reached (average 5.3 +/- 1.9 weeks) and they showed similar but more advanced changes compared with the VP1 group. The changes in cardiac size and hemodynamics in the VP1 and VP2 groups were significantly different from those in parallel studies of 10 sham-operated animals. Plasma norepinephrine and renin activity were unchanged in sham-operated animals, whereas in the VP1 group, plasma norepinephrine rose from 338 +/- 118 to 764 +/- 567 pg/ml (p less than .05), but plasma renin activity did not change. In the VP2 group norepinephrine rose from 471 +/- 285 to 999 +/- 425 pg/ml (p less than .025) and plasma renin rose from 2.1 +/- 1.5 to 8.0 +/- 7.1 ng/ml/hr (p less than .05). There was an excellent correlation between plasma norepinephrine and renin activity before the animals were killed in both the VP1 and VP2 groups (r = .88, p less than .001). No change was evident in atrial natriuretic factor content, as determined by bioassay, in sham-operated or VP1 group animals. However, there was a significant reduction in atrial natriuretic activity from the right atrium that was inversely correlated with the level of right atrial pressure in the VP2 group.

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				H. Hata, G. Matsumiya, S. Miyagawa, H. Kondoh, N. Kawaguchi, N. Matsuura, T. Shimizu, T. Okano, H. Matsuda, and Y. Sawa Grafted skeletal myoblast sheets attenuate myocardial remodeling in pacing-induced canine heart failure model J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2006; 132(4): 918 - 924. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. A. Helm, L. Younes, M. F. Beg, D. B. Ennis, C. Leclercq, O. P. Faris, E. McVeigh, D. Kass, M. I. Miller, and R. L. Winslow Evidence of Structural Remodeling in the Dyssynchronous Failing Heart Circ. Res., January 6, 2006; 98(1): 125 - 132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. F. Issa, X. Zhou, M. R. Ujhelyi, J. Rosenberger, D. Bhakta, W. J. Groh, J. M. Miller, and D. P. Zipes Thoracic Spinal Cord Stimulation Reduces the Risk of Ischemic Ventricular Arrhythmias in a Postinfarction Heart Failure Canine Model Circulation, June 21, 2005; 111(24): 3217 - 3220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Lionetti, A. Linke, M. P. Chandler, M. E. Young, M. S. Penn, S. Gupte, C. d'Agostino, T. H. Hintze, W. C. Stanley, and F. A. Recchia Carnitine palmitoyl transferase-I inhibition prevents ventricular remodeling and delays decompensation in pacing-induced heart failure Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2005; 66(3): 454 - 461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Tachibana, H.-J. Cheng, T. Ukai, A. Igawa, Z.-S. Zhang, W. C. Little, and C.-P. Cheng Levosimendan improves LV systolic and diastolic performance at rest and during exercise after heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2005; 288(2): H914 - H922. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Tidholm and L. Jonsson Histologic Characterization of Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy Vet. Pathol., January 1, 2005; 42(1): 1 - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Bensimon, A. I. Chang, M. L. K. de Bold, A. Ponce, D. Carreras, and A. J. De Bold Participation of G Proteins in Natriuretic Peptide Hormone Secretion from Heart Atria Endocrinology, November 1, 2004; 145(11): 5313 - 5321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Vanoli, S. Bacchini, S. Panigada, F. Pentimalli, and P. B Adamson Experimental models of heart failure Eur. Heart J. Suppl., November 1, 2004; 6(suppl_F): F7 - F15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Khan, G. W. Moe, N. Nili, E. Rezaei, M. Eskandarian, J. Butany, and B. H. Strauss The cardiac atria are chambers of active remodeling and dynamic collagen turnover during evolving heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 7, 2004; 43(1): 68 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. C. Arora, R. Cardinal, F. M. Smith, J. L. Ardell, L. J. Dell'Italia, and J. A. Armour Intrinsic cardiac nervous system in tachycardia induced heart failure Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): R1212 - R1223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Sakaguchi, Y. Sakakibara, K. Tambara, F. Lu, G. Premaratne, K. Nishimura, and M. Komeda A pig model of chronic heart failure by intracoronary embolization with gelatin sponge Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 2003; 75(6): 1942 - 1947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. A. Tibayan, D. T. M. Lai, T. A. Timek, P. Dagum, D. Liang, G. T. Daughters, N. B. Ingels, and D. C. Miller Alterations in left ventricular torsion in tachycardia-induced dilated cardiomyopathy J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2002; 124(1): 43 - 49. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Takagaki, P. M. McCarthy, T. Tabata, R. Dessoffy, L. A. Cardon, J. Connor, Y. Ochiai, J. D. Thomas, G. S. Francis, J. B. Young, et al. Induction and maintenance of an experimental model of severe cardiomyopathy with a novel protocol of rapid ventricular pacing J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., March 1, 2002; 123(3): 544 - 549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Saito, K. Maehara, K. Tamagawa, Y. Oikawa, T. Niitsuma, S.-I. Saitoh, and Y. Maruyama Alterations of endothelium-dependent and -independent regulation of coronary blood flow during heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2002; 282(1): H80 - H86. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Watanabe, M. Yamaki, S. Yamauchi, O. Minamihaba, T. Miyashita, I. Kubota, and H. Tomoike Regional prolongation of ARI and altered restitution properties cause ventricular arrhythmia in heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2002; 282(1): H212 - H218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. D. Moore, M. P. Frenneaux, R. Sas, J. J. Atherton, J. A. Morris-Thurgood, E. R. Smith, J. V. Tyberg, and I. Belenkie Ventricular interaction and external constraint account for decreased stroke work during volume loading in CHF Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2001; 281(6): H2385 - H2391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. B Haitsma, D. Bac, N. Raja, F. Boomsma, P. D Verdouw, and D. J Duncker Minimal impairment of myocardial blood flow responses to exercise in the remodeled left ventricle early after myocardial infarction, despite significant hemodynamic and neurohumoral alterations Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2001; 52(3): 417 - 428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Marin-Garcia, M. J. Goldenthal, and G. W. Moe Abnormal cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in pacing-induced cardiac failure Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2001; 52(1): 103 - 110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Farrell, C.-C. Wei, J. Tallaj, J. L. Ardell, J. A. Armour, G. R. Hageman, W. E. Bradley, and L. J. Dell'Italia Angiotensin II modulates catecholamine release into interstitial fluid of canine myocardium in vivo Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2001; 281(2): H813 - H822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.-E. Laurent, R. Cardinal, G. Rousseau, M. Vermeulen, C. Bouchard, M. Wilkinson, J. A. Armour, and M. Bouvier Functional desensitization to isoproterenol without reducing cAMP production in canine failing cardiocytes Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2001; 280(2): R355 - R364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Kataoka, R. Nohara, R. Hosokawa, T. Hirai, K. Okuda, C. Li-Guang, Y. Fujibayashi, M. Fujita, J. Konishi, and S. Sasayama Myocardial Lipid Metabolism in Compensated and Advanced Stages of Heart Failure: Evaluation by Canine Pacing Model with BMIPP J. Nucl. Med., January 1, 2001; 42(1): 124 - 129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. G. Wang, W. J. Benedict, J. Huser, A. M. Samarel, L. A. Blatter, and S. L. Lipsius Brief rapid pacing depresses contractile function via Ca2+/PKC-dependent signaling in cat ventricular myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2001; 280(1): H90 - H98. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Yonemochi, S. Yasunaga, Y. Teshima, N. Takahashi, M. Nakagawa, M. Ito, and T. Saikawa Rapid Electrical Stimulation of Contraction Reduces the Density of {beta}-Adrenergic Receptors and Responsiveness of Cultured Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocytes : Possible Involvement of Microtubule Disassembly Secondary to Mechanical Stress Circulation, June 6, 2000; 101(22): 2625 - 2630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. J. Patel, J. J. Pilla, D. J. Polidori, S. V. Pusca, T. A. Plappert, M. S. J. Sutton, E. B. Lankford, and M. A. Acker TEN WEEKS OF RAPID VENTRICULAR PACING CREATES A LONG-TERM MODEL OF LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., April 1, 2000; 119(4): 834 - 841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Kjekshus, O. A. Smiseth, R. Klinge, E. Oie, M. E. Hystad, and H. Attramadal Regulation of ET: pulmonary release of ET contributes to increased plasma ET levels and vasoconstriction in CHF Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2000; 278(4): H1299 - H1310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Tanigawa, M. Yano, M. Kohno, T. Yamamoto, T. Hisaoka, K. Ono, T. Ueyama, S. Kobayashi, Y. Hisamatsu, T. Ohkusa, et al. Mechanism of preserved positive lusitropy by cAMP-dependent drugs in heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2000; 278(2): H313 - H320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. I. Townsley, K. S. Snell, C. L. Ivey, D. E. Culberson, D. C. Liu, R. K. Reed, and O. Mathieu-Costello Remodeling of lung interstitium but not resistance vessels in canine pacing-induced heart failure J Appl Physiol, November 1, 1999; 87(5): 1823 - 1830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. K. McMillon and M. I. Townsley alpha -Adrenergic vasoreactivity of canine intrapulmonary bronchial arteries in pacing-induced heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 1999; 277(4): H1392 - H1402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-T. Shen, J. J. Lynch, R. P. Shannon, and R. T. Wiedmann A novel heart failure model induced by sequential coronary artery occlusions and tachycardiac stress in awake pigs Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 1999; 277(1): H388 - H398. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]