Circulation, Vol 71, 510-515, Copyright © 1985 by American Heart Association
MH Criqui, A Fronek, E Barrett-Connor, MR Klauber, S Gabriel and D Goodman
Because patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) may be asymptomatic
or may present with atypical symptoms or findings, the true population
prevalence of PAD is essentially unknown. We used four highly reliable,
sophisticated noninvasive tests (segmental blood pressure, flow velocity by
Doppler ultrasound, postocclusive reactive hyperemia, and pulse
reappearance half-time) to assess the prevalence of large-vessel PAD and
small-vessel PAD in an older (average age 66 years) defined population of
613 men and women. A total of 11.7% of the population had large-vessel PAD
on noninvasive testing, and nearly half of those with large-vessel PAD also
had small-vessel PAD (5.2%). An additional 16.0% of the population had
isolated small-vessel PAD. Large- vessel PAD increased dramatically with
age and was slightly more common in men and in subjects with
hyperlipidemia. Isolated small-vessel PAD, by contrast, was essentially
unrelated to sex, hyperlipidemia, or age, although it was somewhat less
common before age 60. Intermittent claudication rates in this population
were 2.2% in men and 1.7% in women, and abnormalities in femoral or
posterior tibial pulse were present in 20.3% of men and 22.1% of women
compared with the noninvasively assessed large-vessel PAD rate of 11.7%.
Thus assessment of large-vessel PAD prevalence by intermittent claudication
dramatically underestimated the true large-vessel PAD prevalence and
assessment by peripheral pulse examination dramatically overestimated the
true prevalence.
ARTICLES
The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population
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T. C. Collins, N. J. Petersen, M. Suarez-Almazor, and C. M. Ashton The Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease in a Racially Diverse Population Arch Intern Med, June 23, 2003; 163(12): 1469 - 1474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. R. Mohler III, W. R. Hiatt, J. W. Olin, M. Wade, R. Jeffs, and A. T. Hirsch Treatment of intermittent claudication with beraprost sodium, an orally active prostaglandin I2 analogue: A double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 21, 2003; 41(10): 1679 - 1686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. T. Cooper Beraprost for the treatment of intermittent claudication J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 21, 2003; 41(10): 1687 - 1689. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Barretto, K. V Ballman, T. W Rooke, and I. J Kullo Early-onset peripheral arterial occlusive disease: clinical features and determinants of disease severity and location Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2003; 8(2): 95 - 100. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. J. F. Belch, E. J. Topol, G. Agnelli, M. Bertrand, R. M. Califf, D. L. Clement, M. A. Creager, J. D. Easton, J. R. Gavin III, P. Greenland, et al. Critical Issues in Peripheral Arterial Disease Detection and Management: A Call to Action Arch Intern Med, April 28, 2003; 163(8): 884 - 892. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. J Krentz, R. Mani, and C. P Shearman Review: Peripheral arterial disease in diabetes: time for a co-ordinated approach to management The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, March 1, 2003; 3(2): 92 - 96. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 B. M. Alving, C. W. Francis, W. R. Hiatt, and M. R. Jackson Consultations on Patients with Venous or Arterial Diseases Hematology, January 1, 2003; 2003(1): 540 - 558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Mukherjee, P. Lingam, S. Chetcuti, P. M. Grossman, M. Moscucci, A. E. Luciano, and K. A. Eagle Missed Opportunities to Treat Atherosclerosis in Patients Undergoing Peripheral Vascular Interventions: Insights From the University of Michigan Peripheral Vascular Disease Quality Improvement Initiative (PVD-QI2) Circulation, October 8, 2002; 106(15): 1909 - 1912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. F. Redberg, P. Greenland, V. Fuster, K. Pyorala, S. N. Blair, A. R. Folsom, A. B. Newman, D. H. O'Leary, T. J. Orchard, B. Psaty, et al. Prevention Conference VI: Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Writing Group III: Risk Assessment in Persons With Diabetes Circulation, May 7, 2002; 105 (18): e144 - e152. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Q. Dai, M. A Thompson, A. M Pippen, H. Cherwek, D. A Taylor, and B. H Annex Alterations in endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis contribute to vascular remodeling following hind-limb ischemia in rabbits Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2002; 7(2): 87 - 91. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. Degischer, K.-H. Labs, J. Hochstrasser, M. Aschwanden, M. Tschoepl, and K. A Jaeger Physical training for intermittent claudication: a comparison of structured rehabilitation versus home-based training Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2002; 7(2): 109 - 115. [Abstract] [PDF]
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D. E. Strandness Jr, R. L. Dalman, S. Panian, M. S. Rendell, P. C. Comp, P. Zhang, and W. P. Forbes Effect of Cilostazol in Patients with Intermittent Claudication: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, March 1, 2002; 36(2): 83 - 91. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L. T Cooper Jr, W. R Hiatt, M. A Creager, J. G Regensteiner, W. Casscells, J. M Isner, J. P Cooke, and A. T Hirsch Proteinuria in a placebo-controlled study of basic fibroblast growth factor for intermittent claudication Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2001; 6(4): 235 - 239. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 A. T. Hirsch, M. H. Criqui, D. Treat-Jacobson, J. G. Regensteiner, M. A. Creager, J. W. Olin, S. H. Krook, D. B. Hunninghake, A. J. Comerota, M. E. Walsh, et al. Peripheral Arterial Disease Detection, Awareness, and Treatment in Primary Care JAMA, September 19, 2001; 286(11): 1317 - 1324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Ouriel Detection of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Primary Care JAMA, September 19, 2001; 286(11): 1380 - 1381. [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. P. Asgeirsdottir, U. Agnarsson, and G. S. Jonsson Lower Extremity Blood Flow in Healthy Men: Effect of Smoking, Cholesterol, and Physical Activity -- A Doppler Study Angiology, July 1, 2001; 52(7): 437 - 445. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 W. R. Hiatt Medical Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease and Claudication N. Engl. J. Med., May 24, 2001; 344(21): 1608 - 1621. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. T Hirsch, S. L Halverson, D. Treat-Jacobson, P. S Hotvedt, M. M Lunzer, S. Krook, S. Rajala, and D. B Hunninghake The Minnesota Regional Peripheral Arterial Disease Screening Program: toward a definition of community standards of care Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2001; 6(2): 87 - 96. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. Langlois, D. Duprez, J. Delanghe, M. De Buyzere, and D. L. Clement Serum Vitamin C Concentration Is Low in Peripheral Arterial Disease and Is Associated With Inflammation and Severity of Atherosclerosis Circulation, April 10, 2001; 103(14): 1863 - 1868. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. R. McPhail, P. C. Spittell, S. A. Weston, and K. R. Bailey Intermittent claudication: an objective office-based assessment J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 2001; 37(5): 1381 - 1385. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. H Criqui Peripheral arterial disease - epidemiological aspects Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2001; 6(1_suppl): 3 - 7. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 J. G Regensteiner and D. Treat-Jacobson Review: exercise programmes increase walking times in patients with intermittent claudication Evid. Based Nurs., January 1, 2001; 4(1): 21 - 21. [Full Text]
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 V. J. Yacyshyn and K. L. Andrews Primary-Care Interventions for the Population at Risk for Amputation J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, January 1, 2001; 91(1): 2 - 5. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Jackson and G. P. Clagett Antithrombotic Therapy in Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease Chest, January 1, 2001; 119 (2009): 283S - 299S. [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. R Mohler III, B. Klugherz, R. Goldman, S. E Kimmel, M. Wade, and C. M Sehgal Trial of a novel prostacyclin analog, UT-15, in patients with severe intermittent claudication Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2000; 5(4): 231 - 237. [Abstract] [PDF]
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