1 From the University Department of Cardiology and Clinical Physiology, Wilhelmina-Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
To obtain information concerning the time course and instantaneous distribution of the excitatory process of the normal human heart, studies were made on isolated human hearts from seven individuals who died from various cerebral conditions, but who had no history of cardiac disease. Measurements were made from as many as 870 intramural terminals. In the isolated human hearts three endocardial areas were synchronously excited 0 to 5 msec after the start of the left ventricular activity potential. These areas increased rapidly in size during the next 5 to 10 msec and became confluent in 15 to 20 msec. The left ventricular areas first excited were (1) high on the anterior paraseptal wall just below the attachment of the mitral valve; (2) central on the left surface of the interventricular septum and (3) posterior paraseptal about one third of the distance from apex to base. The last part of the left ventricle to be activated usually was the posterobasal area. Endocardial activation of the right ventricle was found to start near the insertion of the anterior papillary muscle 5 to 10 msec after onset of the left ventricular cavity potential. Septal activation started in the middle third of the left side of the interventricular septum, somewhat anteriorly, and at the lower third at the junction of the septum and posterior wall. The epicardial excitation pattern reflected the movements of the intramural excitation wave. Conduction velocity was determined in one heart by an appropriate stimulation technic. Atrial excitation, explored in two hearts, spread more or less according to concentric isochronic lines. Control studies, carried out on five canine hearts, disclosed that the pattern of ventricular excitation did not change after isolation and perfusion. However, total excitation was completed earlier in the isolated heart, and conduction velocity increased. Careful mapping illustrations are presented.
Submitted on October 14, 1969
© 1970 American Heart Association, Inc.
Total Excitation of the Isolated Human Heart
Key Words: Ventricular excitation • Intramural conduction velocity • Epicardial excitation • Atrial excitation
Accepted on December 1, 1969
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  M. Hardziyenka, M. E. Campian, B. J. Bouma, A. C. Linnenbank, H.A.C.M. R. de Bruin-Bon, J. J. Kloek, A. C. van der Wal, J. Baan Jr, E. M. de Beaumont, H. J. Reesink, et al. Right-to-Left Ventricular Diastolic Delay in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Is Associated With Activation Delay and Action Potential Prolongation in Right Ventricle Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, October 1, 2009; 2(5): 555 - 561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Potse, A. Vinet, T. Opthof, and R. Coronel Validation of a simple model for the morphology of the T wave in unipolar electrograms Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2009; 297(2): H792 - H801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. H. W. J. ten Tusscher, A. Mourad, M. P. Nash, R. H. Clayton, C. P. Bradley, D. J. Paterson, R. Hren, M. Hayward, A. V. Panfilov, and P. Taggart Organization of ventricular fibrillation in the human heart: experiments and models Exp Physiol, May 1, 2009; 94(5): 553 - 562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. G. Campbell, E. Howard, J. Aguado-Sierra, B. A. Coppola, J. H. Omens, L. J. Mulligan, A. D. McCulloch, and R. C. P. Kerckhoffs Effect of transmurally heterogeneous myocyte excitation-contraction coupling on canine left ventricular electromechanics Exp Physiol, May 1, 2009; 94(5): 541 - 552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Vigmond, F. Vadakkumpadan, V. Gurev, H. Arevalo, M. Deo, G. Plank, and N. Trayanova Towards predictive modelling of the electrophysiology of the heart Exp Physiol, May 1, 2009; 94(5): 563 - 577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. S. Wagner, P. Macfarlane, H. Wellens, M. Josephson, A. Gorgels, D. M. Mirvis, O. Pahlm, B. Surawicz, P. Kligfield, R. Childers, et al. AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part VI: Acute Ischemia/Infarction A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 17, 2009; 53(11): 1003 - 1011. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. S. Wagner, P. Macfarlane, H. Wellens, M. Josephson, A. Gorgels, D. M. Mirvis, O. Pahlm, B. Surawicz, P. Kligfield, R. Childers, et al. AHA/ACCF/HRS Recommendations for the Standardization and Interpretation of the Electrocardiogram: Part VI: Acute Ischemia/Infarction: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology; the American College of Cardiology Foundation; and the Heart Rhythm Society: Endorsed by the International Society for Computerized Electrocardiology Circulation, March 17, 2009; 119(10): e262 - e270. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. P. Sengupta Exploring left ventricular isovolumic shortening and stretch mechanics: "The heart has its reasons...". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., February 1, 2009; 2(2): 212 - 215. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. G. Cosío, J.#x. Palacios, A.#x.;n Pastor, and A. Núñez CHAPTER 2 The Electrocardiogram ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Buckberg, J. I.E. Hoffman, A. Mahajan, S. Saleh, and C. Coghlan Cardiac Mechanics Revisited: The Relationship of Cardiac Architecture to Ventricular Function Circulation, December 9, 2008; 118(24): 2571 - 2587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. G. Postema, P. F.H.M. van Dessel, J. M.T. de Bakker, L. R.C. Dekker, A. C. Linnenbank, M. G. Hoogendijk, R. Coronel, J. G.P. Tijssen, A. A.M. Wilde, and H. L. Tan Slow and Discontinuous Conduction Conspire in Brugada Syndrome: A Right Ventricular Mapping and Stimulation Study Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, December 1, 2008; 1(5): 379 - 386. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J. Wellens The QRS configuration during bundle branch block. What has rate got to do with it? Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2008; 29(19): 2319 - 2320. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Perez-Rodon, V. Bazan, J. Bruguera-Cortada, S. Mojal-Garcia, J. M. Manresa-Dominguez, and J. Marti-Almor Entrainment from the para-Hisian region for differentiating atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia from orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia Europace, October 1, 2008; 10(10): 1205 - 1211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Lux Noninvasive Assessment of Cardiac Electrophysiology for Predicting Arrhythmogenic Risk: Are We Getting Closer? Circulation, August 26, 2008; 118(9): 899 - 900. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ghosh, E. K. Rhee, J. N. Avari, P. K. Woodard, and Y. Rudy Cardiac Memory in Patients With Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Noninvasive Imaging of Activation and Repolarization Before and After Catheter Ablation Circulation, August 26, 2008; 118(9): 907 - 915. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. H. Anderson, D. Sanchez-Quintana, P. Niederer, and P. P. Lunkenheimer Structural-functional correlates of the 3-dimensional arrangement of the myocytes making up the ventricular walls J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2008; 136(1): 10 - 18. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Baltabaeva, M. Marciniak, B. Bijnens, J. Moggridge, F. J. He, T. F. Antonios, G. A. MacGregor, and G. R. Sutherland Regional left ventricular deformation and geometry analysis provides insights in myocardial remodelling in mild to moderate hypertension Eur J Echocardiogr, July 1, 2008; 9(4): 501 - 508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. O. Sweeney and F. W. Prinzen Ventricular Pump Function and Pacing: Physiological and Clinical Integration Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, June 1, 2008; 1(2): 127 - 139. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Watanabe, S. Sugiura, and T. Hisada The looped heart does not save energy by maintaining the momentum of blood flowing in the ventricle Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): H2191 - H2196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. M. Kavanagh, I. Belenkie, and H. J. Duff Transmural temporospatial left ventricular activation during pacing from different sites: potential implications for optimal pacing Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2008; 77(1): 81 - 88. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. F. Noujaim, O. Berenfeld, J. Kalifa, M. Cerrone, K. Nanthakumar, F. Atienza, J. Moreno, S. Mironov, and J. Jalife Universal scaling law of electrical turbulence in the mammalian heart PNAS, December 26, 2007; 104(52): 20985 - 20989. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. W. Kimmel, N. D. Skadsberg, C. L. Byrd, D. J. Wright, T. G. Laske, and P. A. Iaizzo Single-site ventricular and biventricular pacing: investigation of latest depolarization strategy Europace, December 1, 2007; 9(12): 1163 - 1170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Cerrone, S. F. Noujaim, E. G. Tolkacheva, A. Talkachou, R. O'Connell, O. Berenfeld, J. Anumonwo, S. V. Pandit, K. Vikstrom, C. Napolitano, et al. Arrhythmogenic Mechanisms in a Mouse Model of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Circ. Res., November 9, 2007; 101(10): 1039 - 1048. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. H.W.J. Ten Tusscher, R. Hren, and A. V. Panfilov Organization of Ventricular Fibrillation in the Human Heart Circ. Res., June 22, 2007; 100(12): e87 - e101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Bayes de Luna, G. Wagner, Y. Birnbaum, K. Nikus, M. Fiol, A. Gorgels, J. Cinca, P. M. Clemmensen, O. Pahlm, S. Sclarovsky, et al. A New Terminology for Left Ventricular Walls and Location of Myocardial Infarcts That Present Q Wave Based on the Standard of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From a Committee Appointed by the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiography Circulation, October 17, 2006; 114(16): 1755 - 1760. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Dogan, L. J. M. Kroft, J. J. Bax, J. D. Schuijf, R. J. van der Geest, J. Doornbos, and A. de Roos MDCT Assessment of Right Ventricular Systolic Function Am. J. Roentgenol., June 1, 2006; 186(6_Supplement_2): S366 - S370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Ramanathan, P. Jia, R. Ghanem, K. Ryu, and Y. Rudy Activation and repolarization of the normal human heart under complete physiological conditions PNAS, April 18, 2006; 103(16): 6309 - 6314. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. C. Coghlan, A. R. Coghlan, G. D. Buckberg, and J. L. Cox 'The electrical spiral of the heart': its role in the helical continuum.: The hypothesis of the anisotropic conducting matrix Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., April 1, 2006; 29(Suppl_1): S178 - S187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. A. Smiseth and E. W. Remme Regional Left Ventricular Electric and Mechanical Activation and Relaxation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 3, 2006; 47(1): 173 - 174. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Opthof In vivo dispersion in repolarization and arrhythmias in the human heart Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2006; 290(1): H77 - H78. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Helle-Valle, J. Crosby, T. Edvardsen, E. Lyseggen, B. H. Amundsen, H.-J. Smith, B. D. Rosen, J. A.C. Lima, H. Torp, H. Ihlen, et al. New Noninvasive Method for Assessment of Left Ventricular Rotation: Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Circulation, November 15, 2005; 112(20): 3149 - 3156. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Kleber The Shape of the Electrical Action-Potential Upstroke: A New Aspect From Optical Measurements on the Surface of the Heart Circ. Res., August 5, 2005; 97(3): 204 - 206. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. Y. Vanagt, X. A. Verbeek, T. Delhaas, M. Gewillig, L. Mertens, P. Wouters, B. Meyns, W. J. Daenen, and F. W. Prinzen Acute Hemodynamic Benefit of Left Ventricular Apex Pacing in Children Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2005; 79(3): 932 - 936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. M. Zwanenburg, M. J. W. Gotte, J. P. A. Kuijer, M. B. M. Hofman, P. Knaapen, R. M. Heethaar, A. C. van Rossum, and J. T. Marcus Regional timing of myocardial shortening is related to prestretch from atrial contraction: assessment by high temporal resolution MRI tagging in humans Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2005; 288(2): H787 - H794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Hill, T. G. Laske, J. A. Coles Jr, D. C. Sigg, N. D. Skadsberg, S. A. Vincent, C. L. Soule, W. J. Gallagher, and P. A. Iaizzo In Vitro Studies of Human Hearts Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 2005; 79(1): 168 - 177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Turner, R. A. Bleasdale, D. Vinereanu, C. E. Mumford, V. Paul, A. G. Fraser, and M. P. Frenneaux Electrical and Mechanical Components of Dyssynchrony in Heart Failure Patients With Normal QRS Duration and Left Bundle-Branch Block: Impact of Left and Biventricular Pacing Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21): 2544 - 2549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. M. Zwanenburg, M. J. W. Gotte, J. P. A. Kuijer, R. M. Heethaar, A. C. van Rossum, and J. T. Marcus Timing of cardiac contraction in humans mapped by high-temporal-resolution MRI tagging: early onset and late peak of shortening in lateral wall Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2004; 286(5): H1872 - H1880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P D Lambiase, A Rinaldi, J Hauck, M Mobb, D Elliott, S Mohammad, J S Gill, and C A Bucknall Non-contact left ventricular endocardial mapping in cardiac resynchronisation therapy Heart, January 1, 2004; 90(1): 44 - 51. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. Crampin, M. Halstead, P. Hunter, P. Nielsen, D. Noble, N. Smith, and M. Tawhai Computational physiology and the physiome project Exp Physiol, January 1, 2004; 89(1): 1 - 26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Peschar, H. de Swart, K. J. Michels, R. S. Reneman, and F. W. Prinzen Left ventricular septal and apex pacing for optimal pump function in canine hearts J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 2, 2003; 41(7): 1218 - 1226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Nygren, C. Kondo, R. B. Clark, and W. R. Giles Voltage-sensitive dye mapping in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2003; 284(3): H892 - H902. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Pislaru, P. C. Anagnostopoulos, J. B. Seward, J. F. Greenleaf, and M. Belohlavek Higher myocardial strain rates duringisovolumic relaxation phase than duringejection characterize acutely ischemic myocardium J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 16, 2002; 40(8): 1487 - 1494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F G Cosio The right atrium as an anatomic set-up for re-entry: electrophysiology goes back to anatomy Heart, October 1, 2002; 88(4): 325 - 327. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Vendelin, P. H. M. Bovendeerd, J. Engelbrecht, and T. Arts Optimizing ventricular fibers: uniform strain or stress, but not ATP consumption, leads to high efficiency Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2002; 283(3): H1072 - H1081. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. A. Tibayan, D. T. M. Lai, T. A. Timek, P. Dagum, D. Liang, G. T. Daughters, N. B. Ingels, and D. C. Miller Alterations in left ventricular torsion in tachycardia-induced dilated cardiomyopathy J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2002; 124(1): 43 - 49. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Gima and Y. Rudy Ionic Current Basis of Electrocardiographic Waveforms: A Model Study Circ. Res., May 3, 2002; 90(8): 889 - 896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G Breithardt, H Kuhn, D Hammel, H.-H Scheld, L Seipel, and D. Bocker Cardiac resynchronization therapy into the next decade: from the past to morbidity/mortality trials Eur. Heart J. Suppl., April 1, 2002; 4(suppl_D): D102 - D110. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-J. Wang, K. H. Parker, and J. V. Tyberg Left ventricular wave speed J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2001; 91(6): 2531 - 2536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. W. Cates, W. M. Smith, R. E. Ideker, and A. E. Pollard Purkinje and ventricular contributions to endocardial activation sequence in perfused rabbit right ventricle Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2001; 281(2): H490 - H505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. V. M. van Rijen, T. A. B. van Veen, M. J. A. van Kempen, F. J. G. Wilms-Schopman, M. Potse, O. Krueger, K. Willecke, T. Opthof, H. J. Jongsma, and J. M. T. de Bakker Impaired Conduction in the Bundle Branches of Mouse Hearts Lacking the Gap Junction Protein Connexin40 Circulation, March 20, 2001; 103(11): 1591 - 1598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. F. Kusano, H. Morita, Y. Fujimoto, E. Hirose, and T. Ohe Catheter ablation of an epicardial accessory pathway via the middle cardiac vein guided by monophasic action potential recordings Europace, January 1, 2001; 3(2): 164 - 167. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S. Tamaddon, D. Vaidya, A. M. Simon, D. L. Paul, J. Jalife, and G. E. Morley High-Resolution Optical Mapping of the Right Bundle Branch in Connexin40 Knockout Mice Reveals Slow Conduction in the Specialized Conduction System Circ. Res., November 10, 2000; 87(10): 929 - 936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
David M. Harrild, Craig S. Henriquez ; A Computer Model of Normal Conduction in the Human Atria Circ. Res., September 29, 2000; 87 (7): e25 - e36. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Medvegy, I. Preda, P. Savard, A. Pinter, G. Tremblay, J. B. Nasmith, D. Palisaitis, and R. A. Nadeau New Body Surface Isopotential Map Evaluation Method to Detect Minor Potential Losses in Non-Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction Circulation, March 14, 2000; 101(10): 1115 - 1121. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K Hina, T Murakami, S Kusachi, R Hirami, S Matano, N Ohnishi, K Iwasaki, T Kita, N Sakakibara, and T Tsuji Decreased amplitude of left ventricular posterior wall motion with notch movement to determine the left posterior septal accessory pathway in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome Heart, December 1, 1999; 82(6): 731 - 739. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E W Lau, G A Ng, and M J Griffith A new ECG sign of an accessory pathway in sinus rhythm: pseudo partial right bundle branch block Heart, August 1, 1999; 82(2): 244 - 245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L.-X. Yin, C.-M. Li, Q. Fu, Y. Lo, Q. Huang, L. Cai, and Z.-X. Zheng Ventricular excitation maps using tissue Doppler acceleration imaging: potential clinical application J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 1, 1999; 33(3): 782 - 787. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T.-J. Wu, J. J. C. Ong, C. Hwang, J. J. Lee, M. C. Fishbein, L. Czer, A. Trento, C. Blanche, R. M. Kass, W. J. Mandel, et al. Characteristics of wave fronts during ventricular fibrillation in human hearts with dilated cardiomyopathy: role of increased fibrosis in the generation of reentry J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 1, 1998; 32(1): 187 - 196. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. R. M. Smeets, S. A. Ben-Haim, L.-M. Rodriguez, C. Timmermans, and H. J. J. Wellens New Method for Nonfluoroscopic Endocardial Mapping in Humans : Accuracy Assessment and First Clinical Results Circulation, June 23, 1998; 97(24): 2426 - 2432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Berenfeld and J. Jalife Purkinje-Muscle Reentry as a Mechanism of Polymorphic Ventricular Arrhythmias in a 3-Dimensional Model of the Ventricles Circ. Res., June 1, 1998; 82(10): 1063 - 1077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Derakhchan, R. Cardinal, S. Brunet, D. Klug, C. Pharand, T. Kus, and B. I. Sasyniuk Polymorphic ventricular tachycardias induced by D-sotalol and phenylephrine in canine preparations of atrioventricular block: initiation in the conduction system followed by spatially unstable re-entry Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 1998; 38(3): 617 - 630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. S. Oster, B. Taccardi, R. L. Lux, P. R. Ershler, and Y. Rudy Electrocardiographic Imaging : Noninvasive Characterization of Intramural Myocardial Activation From Inverse-Reconstructed Epicardial Potentials and Electrograms Circulation, April 21, 1998; 97(15): 1496 - 1507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Gepstein, G. Hayam, and S. A. Ben-Haim Activation-Repolarization Coupling in the Normal Swine Endocardium Circulation, December 2, 1997; 96(11): 4036 - 4043. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Gepstein, G. Hayam, and S. A. Ben-Haim A Novel Method for Nonfluoroscopic Catheter-Based Electroanatomical Mapping of the Heart : In Vitro and In Vivo Accuracy Results Circulation, March 18, 1997; 95(6): 1611 - 1622. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Hatala, P. Savard, G. Tremblay, P. Page, R. Cardinal, F. Molin, T. Kus, and R. Nadeau Three Distinct Patterns of Ventricular Activation in Infarcted Human Hearts : An Intraoperative Cardiac Mapping Study During Sinus Rhythm Circulation, March 1, 1995; 91(5): 1480 - 1494. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Foster, M. R. Gold, and J. S. McLaughlin Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Atrio-Biventricular Pacing in Humans Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 1995; 59(2): 294 - 300. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. G. BENDITT, E. L. C. PRITCHETT, W. M. SMITH, and J. J. GALLAGHER Ventriculoatrial Intervals: Diagnostic Use in Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia Ann Intern Med, August 1, 1979; 91(2): 161 - 166. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. P. Zipes and C. Fisch Supraventricular Arrhythmias With Abnormal QRS Complex Arch Intern Med, December 1, 1972; 130(6): 950 - 955. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Gima and Y. Rudy Ionic Current Basis of Electrocardiographic Waveforms: A Model Study Circ. Res., May 3, 2002; 90(8): 889 - 896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|