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(Circulation. 2007;116:2900-2907.)
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.

Arrhythmia/Electrophysiology

Effectiveness of Bystander-Initiated Cardiac-Only Resuscitation for Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Taku Iwami, MD, PhD; Takashi Kawamura, MD, PhD; Atsushi Hiraide, MD, PhD; Robert A. Berg, MD; Yasuyuki Hayashi, MD, PhD; Tatsuya Nishiuchi, MD; Kentaro Kajino, MD; Naohiro Yonemoto, MPH; Hidekazu Yukioka, MD, PhD; Hisashi Sugimoto, MD, PhD; Hiroyuki Kakuchi, MD, PhD; Kazuhiro Sase, MD, PhD; Hiroyuki Yokoyama, MD, PhD; Hiroshi Nonogi, MD, PhD

From the Division of Cardiology, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan (T.I., H. Yokoyama, H.N.); Kyoto University Health Service, Kyoto, Japan (T.K.); Center for Medical Education, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (A.H.); Sarver Heart Center, University of Arizona, College of Medicine, Tucson (R.A.B.); Senri Critical Care Medical Center, Osaka Saiseikai Senri Hospital, Suita, Japan (Y.H.); Osaka Prefectural Senshu Critical Care Medical Center, Izumisano, Japan (T.N.); Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (K.K., H.S.); Department of Biostatistics, Kyoto University School of Public Health, Kyoto, Japan (N.Y.); Yukioka Hospital, Osaka, Japan (H. Yukioka); Department of Cardiology, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, Hachioji, Japan (H.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Juntendo University Medical School, Tokyo, Japan (K.S.).

Correspondence to Taku Iwami, MD, PhD, Kyoto University Health Service, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan. E-mail iwamit2000{at}yahoo.co.jp

Received June 22, 2007; accepted October 12, 2007.

Background— Previous animal and clinical studies suggest that bystander-initiated cardiac-only resuscitation may be superior to conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Our hypothesis was that both cardiac-only bystander resuscitation and conventional bystander CPR would improve outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrests of 15 minutes’ duration, whereas the addition of rescue breathing would improve outcomes for cardiac arrests lasting >15 minutes.

Methods and Results— We carried out a prospective, population-based, observational study involving consecutive patients with emergency responder resuscitation attempts from May 1, 1998, through April 30, 2003. The primary outcome measure was 1-year survival with favorable neurological outcome. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between type of CPR and outcomes. Among the 4902 witnessed cardiac arrests, 783 received conventional CPR, and 544 received cardiac-only resuscitation. Excluding very-long-duration cardiac arrests (>15 minutes), the cardiac-only resuscitation yielded a higher rate of 1-year survival with favorable neurological outcome than no bystander CPR (4.3% versus 2.5%; odds ratio, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.01 to 2.95), and conventional CPR showed similar effectiveness (4.1%; odds ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.95 to 2.60). For the very-long-duration arrests, neurologically favorable 1-year survival was greater in the conventional CPR group, but there were few survivors regardless of the type of bystander CPR (0.3% [2 of 624], 0% [0 of 92], and 2.2% [3 of 139] in the no bystander CPR, cardiac-only CPR, and conventional CPR groups, respectively; P<0.05).

Conclusions— Bystander-initiated cardiac-only resuscitation and conventional CPR are similarly effective for most adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. For very prolonged cardiac arrests, the addition of rescue breathing may be of some help.

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