Circulation. 2007;115:1051-1058
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675934
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675934
(Circulation. 2007;115:1051-1058.)
© 2007 American Heart Association, Inc.
Special Report |
Drug-Eluting Stent and Coronary Thrombosis
Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
From Cardiology (T.F.L., J.S., F.R.E., F.C.T.), Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Cardiovascular Research (T.F.L., J.S., F.C.T.), Physiology Institute, and Center for Integrative Human Physiology (T.F.L., J.S., F.C.T.), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; and CVPath Institute, Inc (M.J., G.N., R.V.), International Registry of Pathology, Gaithersburg, Md.
Correspondence to Thomas F. Lüscher, MD, Department of Cardiology, University of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland. E-mail cardiotfl{at}gmx.ch
Although rare, stent thrombosis remains a severe complication after stent implantation owing to its high morbidity and mortality. Since the introduction of drug-eluting stents (DES), most interventional centers have noted stent thrombosis up to 3 years after implantation, a complication rarely seen with bare-metal stents. Some data from large registries and meta-analyses of randomized trials indicate a higher risk for DES thrombosis, whereas others suggest an absence of such a risk. Several factors are associated with an increased risk of stent thrombosis, including the procedure itself (stent malapposition and/or underexpansion, number of implanted stents, stent length, persistent slow coronary blood flow, and dissections), patient and lesion characteristics, stent design, and premature cessation of antiplatelet drugs. Drugs released from DES exert distinct biological effects, such as activation of signal transduction pathways and inhibition of cell proliferation. As a result, although primarily aimed at preventing vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration (ie, key factors in the development of restenosis), they also impair reendothelialization, which leads to delayed arterial healing, and induce tissue factor expression, which results in a prothrombogenic environment. In the same way, polymers used to load these drugs have been associated with DES thrombosis. Finally, DES impair endothelial function of the coronary artery distal to the stent, which potentially promotes the risk of ischemia and coronary occlusion. Although several reports raise the possibility of a substantially higher risk of stent thrombosis in DES, evidence remains inconclusive; as a consequence, both large-scale and long-term clinical trials, as well as further mechanistic studies, are needed. The present review focuses on the pathophysiological mechanisms and pathological findings of stent thrombosis in DES.
Key Words: stents • thrombosis • pathology • physiology • risk factors • arteries • myocardial infarction
Related Article:
Circulation 2007 115: 945.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  C. RAYMOND and V. MENON Dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease: A case-based approach Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, November 1, 2009; 76(11): 663 - 670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. T. Meredith, S. Worthley, R. Whitbourn, D. L. Walters, D. McClean, M. Horrigan, J. J. Popma, D. E. Cutlip, A. DePaoli, M. Negoita, et al. Clinical and Angiographic Results With the Next-Generation Resolute Stent System: A Prospective, Multicenter, First-in-Human Trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., October 1, 2009; 2(10): 977 - 985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. S. Mintz and S.-Y. Choi Optimal Stent Expansion and Complete Neointimal Coverage: Does This Association Make Sense? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., October 1, 2009; 2(10): 995 - 996. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. J. Schultz, A. Weustink, N. Piazza, A. Otten, N. Mollet, G. Krestin, R. J. van Geuns, P. de Feyter, P. W.J. Serruys, and P. de Jaegere Geometry and degree of apposition of the CoreValve ReValving system with multislice computed tomography after implantation in patients with aortic stenosis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2009; 54(10): 911 - 918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Steffel and F. C. Tanner Direct thrombin inhibitors in atrial fibrillation reloaded Eur. Heart J., August 18, 2009; (2009) ehp320v1. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. R. Sipido, A. Tedgui, S. D. Kristensen, G. Pasterkamp, H. Schunkert, M. Wehling, P. G. Steg, W. Eisert, F. Rademakers, B. Casadei, et al. Identifying needs and opportunities for advancing translational research in cardiovascular disease Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2009; 83(3): 425 - 435. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. G. Camici, J. Steffel, I. Amanovic, A. Breitenstein, J. Baldinger, S. Keller, T. F. Luscher, and F. C. Tanner Rapamycin promotes arterial thrombosis in vivo: implications for everolimus and zotarolimus eluting stents Eur. Heart J., June 29, 2009; (2009) ehp259v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Ota, M. Eto, J. Ako, S. Ogawa, K. Iijima, M. Akishita, and Y. Ouchi Sirolimus and everolimus induce endothelial cellular senescence via sirtuin 1 down-regulation: therapeutic implication of cilostazol after drug-eluting stent implantation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 16, 2009; 53(24): 2298 - 2305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Pena, J.-P. Collet, J.-S. Hulot, J. Silvain, O. Barthelemy, F. Beygui, C. Funck-Brentano, and G. Montalescot Can We Override Clopidogrel Resistance? Circulation, June 2, 2009; 119(21): 2854 - 2857. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Takemoto, H. Kawata, T. Soeda, K. Imagawa, S. Somekawa, Y. Takeda, S. Uemura, M. Matsumoto, Y. Fujimura, J.-i. Jo, et al. Human Placental Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase Gene Transfer via Gelatin-Coated Stents Prevents In-Stent Thrombosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2009; 29(6): 857 - 862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Costa Jr, A. Abizaid, R. Costa, F. Feres, L. F. Tanajura, A. Abizaid, G. Maldonado, R. Staico, D. Siqueira, A. G.M.R. Sousa, et al. 1-Year Results of the Hydroxyapatite Polymer-Free Sirolimus-Eluting Stent for the Treatment of Single De Novo Coronary Lesions: The VESTASYNC I Trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., May 1, 2009; 2(5): 422 - 427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. A. Calvert and M. R. Bennett Restenosis Revisited Circ. Res., April 10, 2009; 104(7): 823 - 825. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Byrne, J. Mehilli, R. Iijima, S. Schulz, J. Pache, M. Seyfarth, A. Schomig, A. Kastrati, and for the Intracoronary Stenting and Angiographic Re A polymer-free dual drug-eluting stent in patients with coronary artery disease: a randomized trial vs. polymer-based drug-eluting stents Eur. Heart J., April 2, 2009; 30(8): 923 - 931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nakano, K. Egashira, S. Masuda, K. Funakoshi, G. Zhao, S. Kimura, T. Matoba, K. Sueishi, Y. Endo, Y. Kawashima, et al. Formulation of Nanoparticle-Eluting Stents by a Cationic Electrodeposition Coating Technology: Efficient Nano-Drug Delivery via Bioabsorbable Polymeric Nanoparticle-Eluting Stents in Porcine Coronary Arteries J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., April 1, 2009; 2(4): 277 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Byrne, R. Iijima, J. Mehilli, S. Pinieck, O. Bruskina, A. Schomig, and A. Kastrati Durability of Antirestenotic Efficacy in Drug-Eluting Stents With and Without Permanent Polymer J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., April 1, 2009; 2(4): 291 - 299. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Han, Q. Jing, B. Xu, L. Yang, H. Liu, X. Shang, T. Jiang, Z. Li, H. Zhang, H. Li, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Biodegradable Polymer-Coated Sirolimus-Eluting Stents in "Real-World" Practice: 18-Month Clinical and 9-Month Angiographic Outcomes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., April 1, 2009; 2(4): 303 - 309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Hlawaty, M.-P. Jacob, L. Louedec, D. Letourneur, C. Brink, J.-B. Michel, L. Feldman, and M. Back Leukotriene Receptor Antagonism and the Prevention of Extracellular Matrix Degradation During Atherosclerosis and In-Stent Stenosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2009; 29(4): 518 - 524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. K. Pendyala, J. Li, T. Shinke, S. Geva, X. Yin, J. P. Chen, S. B. King III, K. A. Robinson, N. A.F. Chronos, and D. Hou Endothelium-Dependent Vasomotor Dysfunction in Pig Coronary Arteries With Paclitaxel-Eluting Stents Is Associated With Inflammation and Oxidative Stress J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., March 1, 2009; 2(3): 253 - 262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Aoki, A. J. Lansky, R. Mehran, J. Moses, M. E. Bertrand, B. T. McLaurin, D. A. Cox, A. M. Lincoff, E. M. Ohman, H. D. White, et al. Early Stent Thrombosis in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Treated With Drug-Eluting and Bare Metal Stents: The Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy Trial Circulation, February 10, 2009; 119(5): 687 - 698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. E. Stahli, G. G. Camici, and F. C. Tanner Drug-eluting stent thrombosis Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, February 1, 2009; 3(1): 45 - 52. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. K.M. Hassan, S. C. Bergheanu, T. Stijnen, B. L. van der Hoeven, J. D. Snoep, J. W.M. Plevier, M. J. Schalij, and J. W. Jukema Late stent malapposition risk is higher after drug-eluting stent compared with bare-metal stent implantation and associates with late stent thrombosis Eur. Heart J., January 21, 2009; (2009) ehn553v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Pfisterer, H. P. Brunner-La Rocca, P. Rickenbacher, P. Hunziker, C. Mueller, F. Nietlispach, G. Leibundgut, F. Bader, C. Kaiser, and for the BASKET Investigators Long-term benefit-risk balance of drug-eluting vs. bare-metal stents in daily practice: does stent diameter matter? Three-year follow-up of BASKET Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2009; 30(1): 16 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Bakhshi, M.J. Edirisinghe, A. Darbyshire, Z. Ahmad, and A.M. Seifalian Electrohydrodynamic Jetting Behaviour of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Nanocomposite J Biomater Appl, January 1, 2009; 23(4): 293 - 309. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Burzotta, A. Parma, C. Pristipino, A. Manzoli, F. Belloni, G. Sardella, S. Rigattieri, A. Danesi, P. Mazzarotto, F. Summaria, et al. Angiographic and clinical outcome of invasively managed patients with thrombosed coronary bare metal or drug-eluting stents: the OPTIMIST study Eur. Heart J., December 2, 2008; 29(24): 3011 - 3021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. O. Jensen, M. Maeng, P. Thayssen, A. Kaltoft, H. H. Tilsted, M. Bottcher, J. F. Lassen, K. N. Hansen, L. R. Krusell, K. Rasmussen, et al. Clinical Outcome After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Drug-Eluting and Bare Metal Stents in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Circ Cardiovasc Interv, December 1, 2008; 1(3): 176 - 184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. L M Cruden, S. A Harding, and D. E Newby Coronary stent thrombosis in the perioperative period BMJ, November 24, 2008; 337(nov24_1): a2074 - a2074. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Shoulders-Odom Management of Patients After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Crit. Care Nurse, October 1, 2008; 28(5): 26 - 40. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. R. Bates Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Drug-Eluting Stents: Another Chapter in the Stent Controversy Circ Cardiovasc Interv, October 1, 2008; 1(2): 87 - 89. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. R. Costa Jr, A. Abizaid, R. Costa, F. Feres, L. F. Tanajura, A. Abizaid, L. A. Mattos, R. Staico, D. Siqueira, A. G.M.R. Sousa, et al. Preliminary Results of the Hydroxyapatite Nonpolymer-Based Sirolimus-Eluting Stent for the Treatment of Single De Novo Coronary Lesions: A First-in-Human Analysis of a Third-Generation Drug-Eluting Stent System J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., October 1, 2008; 1(5): 545 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Takano, M. Yamamoto, D. Murakami, S. Inami, K. Okamatsu, K. Seimiya, T. Ohba, Y. Seino, and K. Mizuno Lack of Association Between Large Angiographic Late Loss and Low Risk of In-Stent Thrombus: Angioscopic Comparison Between Paclitaxel- and Sirolimus-Eluting Stents Circ Cardiovasc Interv, August 1, 2008; 1(1): 20 - 27. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. T. Newsome, M. A. Kutcher, and R. L. Royster Coronary Artery Stents: Part I. Evolution of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Anesth. Analg., August 1, 2008; 107(2): 552 - 569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. T. Newsome, R. S. Weller, J. C. Gerancher, M. A. Kutcher, and R. L. Royster Coronary Artery Stents: II. Perioperative Considerations and Management Anesth. Analg., August 1, 2008; 107(2): 570 - 590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Joner, G. Nakazawa, A. V. Finn, S. C. Quee, L. Coleman, E. Acampado, P. S. Wilson, K. Skorija, Q. Cheng, X. Xu, et al. Endothelial Cell Recovery Between Comparator Polymer-Based Drug-Eluting Stents J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 29, 2008; 52(5): 333 - 342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Holvoet and P. Sinnaeve Angio-Associated Migratory Cell Protein and Smooth Muscle Cell Migration in Development of Restenosis and Atherosclerosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 22, 2008; 52(4): 312 - 314. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Chechi, S. Vecchio, G. Vittori, G. Giuliani, A. Lilli, G. Spaziani, L. Consoli, G. Baldereschi, G. G.L. Biondi-Zoccai, I. Sheiban, et al. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction due to early and late stent thrombosis a new group of high-risk patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 24, 2008; 51(25): 2396 - 2402. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Dixon, C. L. Grines, and W. W. O'Neill The year in interventional cardiology. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 17, 2008; 51(24): 2355 - 2369. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. Brar, J. Kim, S. K. Brar, R. Zadegan, M. Ree, I.-L. A. Liu, P. Mansukhani, V. Aharonian, R. Hyett, and A. Y.-J. Shen Long-term outcomes by clopidogrel duration and stent type in a diabetic population with de novo coronary artery lesions. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 10, 2008; 51(23): 2220 - 2227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. I. Hamilos, M. Ostojic, B. Beleslin, D. Sagic, L. Mangovski, S. Stojkovic, M. Nedeljkovic, D. Orlic, B. Milosavljevic, D. Topic, et al. Differential effects of drug-eluting stents on local endothelium-dependent coronary vasomotion. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 3, 2008; 51(22): 2123 - 2129. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Jabs, S. Gobel, P. Wenzel, A. L. Kleschyov, M. Hortmann, M. Oelze, A. Daiber, and T. Munzel Sirolimus-induced vascular dysfunction increased mitochondrial and nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-dependent superoxide production and decreased vascular nitric oxide formation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 3, 2008; 51(22): 2130 - 2138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Muhlestein Endothelial dysfunction associated with drug-eluting stents what, where, when, and how? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 3, 2008; 51(22): 2139 - 2140. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Shishehbor, R. Amini, L. P.J. Oliveria, I. M. Singh, P. Kelly, D. L. Bhatt, S. R. Kapadia, S. G. Ellis, P. L. Whitlow, and S. J. Brener Comparison of Drug-Eluting Stents Versus Bare-Metal Stents for Treating ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., June 1, 2008; 1(3): 227 - 232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Filipe, L. Lam Shang Leen, L. Brouchet, A. Billon, V. Benouaich, V. Fontaine, P. Gourdy, F. Lenfant, J.-F. Arnal, A.-P. Gadeau, et al. Estradiol accelerates endothelial healing through the retrograde commitment of uninjured endothelium Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2008; 294(6): H2822 - H2830. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Suzuki, F. Ikeno, T. Koizumi, F. Tio, A. C. Yeung, P. G. Yock, P. J. Fitzgerald, and W. F. Fearon In Vivo Comparison Between Optical Coherence Tomography and Intravascular Ultrasound for Detecting Small Degrees of In-Stent Neointima After Stent Implantation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., April 1, 2008; 1(2): 168 - 173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. P. Taggart Does prior PCI increase the risk of subsequent CABG? Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2008; 29(5): 573 - 575. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Saia, A. Marzocchi, and A. Branzi Review: The safety of drug-eluting stents Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, February 1, 2008; 2(1): 43 - 52. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Aoki, A. Kirtane, M. B. Leon, and G. Dangas Coronary artery aneurysms after drug-eluting stent implantation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Intv., February 1, 2008; 1(1): 14 - 21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
American College of Cardiology/American Heart Asso, 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Upda, S. B. King III, S. C. Smith Jr, J. W. Hirshfeld Jr, A. K. Jacobs, D. A. Morrison, and D. O. Williams 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 15, 2008; 51(2): 172 - 209. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. B. King III, S. C. Smith Jr, J. W. Hirshfeld Jr, A. K. Jacobs, D. A. Morrison, D. O. Williams, 2005 WRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS, S. C. Smith Jr, T. E. Feldman, J. W. Hirshfeld Jr, et al. 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Writing on Behalf of the 2005 Writing Committee Circulation, January 15, 2008; 117(2): 261 - 295. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Egashira, K. Nakano, K. Ohtani, K. Funakoshi, G. Zhao, Y. Ihara, J.-i. Koga, S. Kimura, R. Tominaga, and K. Sunagawa Local Delivery of Anti-Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 by Gene-Eluting Stents Attenuates In-Stent Stenosis in Rabbits and Monkeys Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2007; 27(12): 2563 - 2568. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Kastrati, A. Dibra, C. Spaulding, G. J. Laarman, M. Menichelli, M. Valgimigli, E. Di Lorenzo, C. Kaiser, I. Tierala, J. Mehilli, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized trials on drug-eluting stents vs. bare-metal stents in patients with acute myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2007; 28(22): 2706 - 2713. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Anderson, C. D. Adams, E. M. Antman, C. R. Bridges, R. M. Califf, D. E. Casey Jr, W. E. Chavey II, F. M. Fesmire, J. S. Hochman, T. N. Levin, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Developed in Collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 14, 2007; 50(7): e1 - e157. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Jaffe and B. H. Strauss Late and Very Late Thrombosis of Drug-Eluting Stents: Evolving Concepts and Perspectives J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 10, 2007; 50(2): 119 - 127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. A. Spinler and R. L. Wilensky Duration of clopidogrel therapy after placement of drug-eluting intracoronary stent Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., July 1, 2007; 64(13): 1432 - 1434. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. V. Finn, G. Nakazawa, M. Joner, F. D. Kolodgie, E. K. Mont, H. K. Gold, and R. Virmani Vascular Responses to Drug Eluting Stents: Importance of Delayed Healing Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2007; 27(7): 1500 - 1510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Matsumoto and P. M. Hwang Resizing the Genomic Regulation of Restenosis Circ. Res., June 8, 2007; 100(11): 1537 - 1539. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. S. Mintz What to Do About Late Incomplete Stent Apposition? Circulation, May 8, 2007; 115(18): 2379 - 2381. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|