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(Circulation. 2006;114:905-911.)
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.

Hypertension

Different Effects of Angiotensin Receptor Blockade on End-Organ Damage in Salt-Dependent and Salt-Independent Hypertension

Karlene Maitland, BS; LaKeesha Bridges, BS; Wendell P. Davis, DVM; Joseph Loscalzo, MD, PhD; Mildred A. Pointer, PhD^*

From the JLC-Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham (L.B., M.A.P.); Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass (K.M.); Department of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham (W.P.D.); and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (J.L.).

Correspondence to Mildred A. Pointer, PhD (formerly M. Audrey Rudd, PhD), North Carolina Central University, Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, George St, Durham, NC 27707. E-mail mpointer{at}nccu.edu

Received February 28, 2006; revision received May 16, 2006; accepted June 26, 2006.

Background— Although angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers have emerged as effective antihypertensive agents, it is not known how efficacious these agents are in treating hypertension-associated target organ damage.

Methods and Results— The present study was undertaken to compare the effect of angiotensin type 1 receptor inhibition on the progression of the organ damage observed in 2 models of hypertension, namely, salt-sensitive and nitric oxide synthase inhibition–mediated hypertension. Effective (16.4 µmol/kg) and ineffective (0.8 to 4.9 µmol/kg) antihypertensive doses of candesartan cilexetil were initiated after hypertension was established. Both low- and high-dose candesartan cilexetil significantly reduced cardiac and renal damage in the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor model of hypertension (P<0.05 versus untreated); however, high-dose candesartan caused a significant increase in renal damage in the Dahl salt-sensitive model of hypertension (P<0.05 versus untreated). Interestingly, the beneficial end-organ effects of candesartan in the nitric oxide synthase inhibition model were independent of sustained antihypertensive actions of candesartan, whereas the exacerbation of renal injury with candesartan in the Dahl salt-sensitive model was inversely related to its blood pressure–lowering effect.

Conclusions— These data show that angiotensin type 1 blockade reduces injury in the L-nitroarginine methyl ester model but increases tissue injury in the salt-sensitive model. These data suggest that angiotensin II via angiotensin type 1 receptor activation contributes to organ damage in nitric oxide–deficient salt-independent hypertension but is protective in salt-induced hypertension. These data further suggest that (1) renal injury may evolve independently of blood pressure and (2) the effectiveness of an antihypertensive agent in ameliorating renal injury may depend on the etiology of the hypertension.

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