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(Circulation. 2006;114:I-559 – I-565.)
© 2006 American Heart Association, Inc.

Surgery for Valvular Heart Disease

Preclinical Testing of Tissue-Engineered Heart Valves Re-Endothelialized Under Simulated Physiological Conditions

Artur Lichtenberg, MD; Igor Tudorache, MD; Serghei Cebotari, MD; Mark Suprunov, MD; Greta Tudorache, MD; Heidi Goerler, MD; Joon-Keun Park, MD; Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner, PhD; Stefanie Ringes-Lichtenberg, MD; Matthias Karck, MD; Gudrun Brandes, PhD; Andres Hilfiker, PhD; Axel Haverich, MD

From the Departments of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.L., I.G., S.C., M.S., G.T., H.G., S.R.-L., M.K., A.H., A.Haverich), Nephrology (J.-K.P.), Cardiology and Angiology (D.H.-K.), and Laboratory for Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy (G.B.), Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.

Correspondence to Artur Lichtenberg, Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany. E-mail lichtenberg.artur{at}mh-hannover.de

Background— The in vivo regeneration capacity of decellularized heart valve grafts is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate function, morphological changes, and cellular composition of decellularized versus re-endothelialized ovine pulmonary valves (PV) after implantation into lambs for 1 or 3 months.

Methods and Results— PV (n=21) were decellularized using detergents. Twelve PV were repopulated with autologous jugular veins endothelial cells (ECs) in a dynamic pulsatile bioreactor under simulated physiological conditions. Morphological evaluation before implantation included histological stainings (H&E, Movat-pentachrome, von-Kossa, DAPI), immunostainings (anti-perlecan, anti-eNOS, anti-procollagen-I, anti-SM--actin), electron microscopy (EM), and DNA extraction. Decellularization led to cell-free scaffolds with preserved extracellular matrix (ECM) including basement membrane. Reseeded PV (n=5) were completely covered with ECs expressing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and von Willebrand factor (vWF). The function of orthotopically implanted decellularized and re-endothelialized PV (n=7, each) was analyzed after 1 and 3 months by echocardiography and revealed no differences in competence between both groups. A confluent EC monolayer expressing eNOS/vWF was only found in re-endothelialized PV but not in decellularized PV, whereas the valve matrices were comparable repopulated with interstitial cells expressing SM--actin and procollagen-I. More thrombotic and neointima formations were observed in decellularized PV. No signs of calcification were detected in both PV types.

Conclusion— In vitro re-endothelialization of detergent-decellularized valves with autologous ECs under simulated physiological conditions significantly improves total EC valve coverage 3 months after implantation, whereas the valve repopulation with interstitial cells in vivo occurs most likely by cell migration inside the scaffold.

Key Words: tissue engineering • surgery • valves