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(Circulation. 2005;112:1301-1308.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Hypertension

Endogenous Ouabain

Upregulation of Steroidogenic Genes in Hypertensive Hypothalamus but Not Adrenal

Julie R. Murrell, PhD; Jeffrey D. Randall, PhD; James Rosoff, BS; Ji-liang Zhao, PhD; Roderick V. Jensen, PhD; Steven R. Gullans, PhD; Garner T. Haupert, Jr, MD

From the Renal Unit, Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Mass (J.R.M., G.T.H.); the Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (J.D.R., J.R., J.Z., S.R.G.); and the Departments of Physics, Biology, and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Mass (R.V.J.).

Correspondence to Dr Garner T. Haupert, Jr, Renal Unit, CNY-8, Massachusetts General Hospital, 149 13th St, Charlestown, MA 02129. E-mail gthaupert{at}partners.org

Received April 5, 2005; revision received May 16, 2005; accepted May 23, 2005.

Background— Mammalian tissues contain a presumed endogenous Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase inhibitor that binds reversibly to the Na⁺ pump with high affinity and specificity. The inhibitor has been linked to the pathogenesis of experimental volume-expanded and human essential hypertension. This compound has been isolated from mammalian hypothalamus and appears to be an isomer of the plant-derived cardiac glycoside ouabain, if not ouabain itself. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a biosynthetic pathway exists in mammalian tissues to produce a steroid derivative closely related to plant cardiac glycosides.

Methods and Results— Using bioinformatics and genomic techniques, Milan hypertensive rat tissues were studied because this strain has a 10-fold increase in hypothalamic ouabain-like compound that is linked to the pathogenesis of the hypertension. A putative steroid biosynthetic pathway was constructed and candidate genes encoding enzymes in this pathway were identified from sequence databases. Differential expression of selected genes in the pathway was studied by microarray analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, with functional validation by gene silencing using small interfering RNAs. Marked upregulation of genes coding for P450 side chain cleavage and 5-3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/5-4- isomerase enzymes in hypertensive hypothalamus but not adrenal was found, compared with normotensive Milan rats. Knockdown of the latter gene decreased production of ouabain-like factor from neural tissue.

Conclusions— Our findings support the possibility that a unique steroid biosynthetic circuit exists in Milan rat brain, functioning independently from adrenal, which could account for the overproduction of the hypothalamic ouabain-like compound in this species.

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