Circulation. 2005;111:2684-2698
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.492215
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.492215
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2005;111:2684-2698.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.
Special Report |
Cardiovascular Effects of Secondhand Smoke
Nearly as Large as Smoking
From the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco.
Reprint requests to Stanton A. Glantz, PhD, Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 530 Parnassus, Suite 366, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390. E-mail glantz{at}medicine.ucsf.edu
Background— Secondhand smoke increases the risk of coronary heart disease by 
30%. This effect is larger than one would expect on the basis of the risks associated with active smoking and the relative doses of tobacco smoke delivered to smokers and nonsmokers.
Methods and Results— We conducted a literature review of the research describing the mechanistic effects of secondhand smoke on the cardiovascular system, emphasizing research published since 1995, and compared the effects of secondhand smoke with the effects of active smoking. Evidence is rapidly accumulating that the cardiovascular system—platelet and endothelial function, arterial stiffness, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, heart rate variability, energy metabolism, and increased infarct size—is exquisitely sensitive to the toxins in secondhand smoke. The effects of even brief (minutes to hours) passive smoking are often nearly as large (averaging 80% to 90%) as chronic active smoking.
Conclusions— The effects of secondhand smoke are substantial and rapid, explaining the relatively large risks that have been reported in epidemiological studies.
Key Words: smoking • cardiovascular diseases • endothelium • epidemiology • tobacco smoke pollution
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S. S. Bassuk and J. E. Manson Lifestyle and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Type 2 Diabetes in Women: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, June 1, 2008; 2(3): 191 - 213. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Heiss, N. Amabile, A. C. Lee, W. M. Real, S. F. Schick, D. Lao, M. L. Wong, S. Jahn, F. S. Angeli, P. Minasi, et al. Brief secondhand smoke exposure depresses endothelial progenitor cells activity and endothelial function: sustained vascular injury and blunted nitric oxide production. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 6, 2008; 51(18): 1760 - 1771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. K. Al-Delaimy, M. J. Stampfer, J. E. Manson, and W. C. Willett Toenail Nicotine Levels as Predictors of Coronary Heart Disease among Women Am. J. Epidemiol., April 7, 2008; (2008) kwn061v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Belaidi, P. C. Beguin, P. Levy, C. Ribuot, and D. Godin-Ribuot Prevention of HIF-1 activation and iNOS gene targeting by low-dose cadmium results in loss of myocardial hypoxic preconditioning in the rat Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): H901 - H908. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Barnoya, C. Mendoza-Montano, and A. Navas-Acien Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Public Places in Guatemala: Comparison with other Latin American Countries Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., December 1, 2007; 16(12): 2730 - 2735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Kifley, G. Liew, J. J. Wang, S. Kaushik, W. Smith, T. Y. Wong, and P. Mitchell Long-term Effects of Smoking on Retinal Microvascular Caliber Am. J. Epidemiol., December 1, 2007; 166(11): 1288 - 1297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. M. Tomey, M. R. Sowers, X. Li, D. S. McConnell, S. Crawford, E. B. Gold, B. Lasley, and J. F. Randolph Jr Dietary Fat Subgroups, Zinc, and Vegetable Components Are Related to Urine F2a-Isoprostane Concentration, a Measure of Oxidative Stress, in Midlife Women J. Nutr., November 1, 2007; 137(11): 2412 - 2419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. K. Tong and S. A. Glantz Tobacco Industry Efforts Undermining Evidence Linking Secondhand Smoke With Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, October 16, 2007; 116(16): 1845 - 1854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Heidrich, J. Wellmann, P. U. Heuschmann, K. Kraywinkel, and U. Keil Mortality and morbidity from coronary heart disease attributable to passive smoking Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2007; 28(20): 2498 - 2502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Semple, L. Maccalman, A. A. Naji, S. Dempsey, S. Hilton, B. G. Miller, and J. G. Ayres Bar Workers' Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke: The Effect of Scottish Smoke-Free Legislation on Occupational Exposure Ann. Hyg., October 1, 2007; 51(7): 571 - 580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Gorini, E. Chellini, and D. Galeone What happened in Italy? A brief summary of studies conducted in Italy to evaluate the impact of the smoking ban Ann. Onc., October 1, 2007; 18(10): 1620 - 1622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Zellers, M. A. Thomas, and M. Ashe Legal Risks to Employers Who Allow Smoking in the Workplace Am J Public Health, August 1, 2007; 97(8): 1376 - 1382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Kallio, E. Jokinen, O. T. Raitakari, M. Hamalainen, M. Siltala, I. Volanen, T. Kaitosaari, J. Viikari, T. Ronnemaa, and O. Simell Tobacco Smoke Exposure Is Associated With Attenuated Endothelial Function in 11-Year-Old Healthy Children Circulation, June 26, 2007; 115(25): 3205 - 3212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Narkiewicz Second-hand smoke--a license to kill due to expire Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., June 1, 2007; 22(6): 1508 - 1511. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Bruintjes and M. J. Krantz Acute vs Chronic Secondhand Smoke Exposure Arch Intern Med, April 9, 2007; 167(7): 731 - 731. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Venn and J. Britton Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Never-Smoking Adults Circulation, February 27, 2007; 115(8): 990 - 995. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. S. Waring, J. A. McKnight, D. J. Webb, and S. R.J. Maxwell Uric Acid Restores Endothelial Function in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Regular Smokers Diabetes, November 1, 2006; 55(11): 3127 - 3132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Menzies, A. Nair, P. A. Williamson, S. Schembri, M. Z. H. Al-Khairalla, M. Barnes, T. C. Fardon, L. McFarlane, G. J. Magee, and B. J. Lipworth Respiratory symptoms, pulmonary function, and markers of inflammation among bar workers before and after a legislative ban on smoking in public places. JAMA, October 11, 2006; 296(14): 1742 - 1748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Stranges, M. R. Bonner, F. Fucci, K. M. Cummings, J. L. Freudenheim, J. M. Dorn, P. Muti, G. A. Giovino, A. Hyland, and M. Trevisan Lifetime cumulative exposure to secondhand smoke and risk of myocardial infarction in never smokers: results from the Western new york health study, 1995-2001. Arch Intern Med, October 9, 2006; 166(18): 1961 - 1967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Samet Smoking Bans Prevent Heart Attacks Circulation, October 3, 2006; 114(14): 1450 - 1451. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Bartecchi, R. N. Alsever, C. Nevin-Woods, W. M. Thomas, R. O. Estacio, B. B. Bartelson, and M. J. Krantz Reduction in the Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction Associated With a Citywide Smoking Ordinance Circulation, October 3, 2006; 114(14): 1490 - 1496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Barone-Adesi, L. Vizzini, F. Merletti, and L. Richiardi Short-term effects of Italian smoking regulation on rates of hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2006; 27(20): 2468 - 2472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H. Lichtenstein, L. J. Appel, M. Brands, M. Carnethon, S. Daniels, H. A. Franch, B. Franklin, P. Kris-Etherton, W. S. Harris, B. Howard, et al. Summary of American Heart Association Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006 Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2006; 26(10): 2186 - 2191. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Bhatnagar Environmental Cardiology: Studying Mechanistic Links Between Pollution and Heart Disease Circ. Res., September 29, 2006; 99(7): 692 - 705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Lichtenstein, L. J. Appel, M. Brands, M. Carnethon, S. Daniels, H. A. Franch, B. Franklin, P. Kris-Etherton, W. S. Harris, B. Howard, et al. Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee Circulation, July 4, 2006; 114(1): 82 - 96. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 The GTSS Collaborative Group A cross country comparison of exposure to secondhand smoke among youth. Tob. Control, June 1, 2006; 15(suppl_2): ii4 - ii19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Hedley, S. M. McGhee, J. L. Repace, L.-C. Wong, M. Y. S. Yu, T.-W. Wong, and T.-H. Lam Risks for Heart Disease and Lung Cancer from Passive Smoking by Workers in the Catering Industry Toxicol. Sci., April 1, 2006; 90(2): 539 - 548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Raupach, K. Schafer, S. Konstantinides, and S. Andreas Secondhand smoke as an acute threat for the cardiovascular system: a change in paradigm Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2006; 27(4): 386 - 392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. K. Glantz and S. A. Glantz Protecting Europeans from secondhand smoke: time to act Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2006; 27(4): 382 - 383. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. D.C., L. D.F., W. J., H. D., Y. X, T. J., B. K., S. M., D. P., L. R., et al. Accessory Renal Arteries--Mostly, But Not Always, Innocuous: Renin-Dependent Hypertension Caused by Nonfocal Stenotic Aberrant Renal Arteries--Proof of a New Syndrome. Hypertension 46: 380-385, 2005 J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2006; 17(1): 3 - 11. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Barnoya, S. A. Bialous, and S. A. Glantz Effective Interventions to Reduce Smoking-Induced Heart Disease Around the World: Time to Act Circulation, July 26, 2005; 112(4): 456 - 458. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|