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(Circulation. 2005;111:2494-2502.)
© 2005 American Heart Association, Inc.

Molecular Cardiology

p38 MAP Kinase Mediates Inflammatory Cytokine Induction in Cardiomyocytes and Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Heart

Manxiang Li, MD, PhD; Dimitrios Georgakopoulos, PhD; Gang Lu, MS; Lisa Hester, BA; David A. Kass, MD, PhD; Jeffery Hasday, MD; Yibin Wang, PhD

From the Departments of Physiology (M.L., Y.W.) and Medicine (L.H., J.H.), University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (D.G., D.A.K.); and Division of Molecular Medicine, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (G.L., Y.W.).

Correspondence to Yibin Wang, PhD, Division of Molecular Medicine and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Room BH 569, CHS, 650 Charles E. Young Dr, Los Angeles, CA 90095. E-mail yibinwang{at}mednet.ucla.edu

Received September 20, 2004; revision received December 6, 2004; accepted December 21, 2004.

Background— Increasing evidence suggests that development of heart failure involves activation of stress-response inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin-6. Yet, the myocyte contribution to their induction in failing hearts and the underlying regulatory mechanism in stressed myocardium remain unclear.

Methods and Results— In cultured cardiac myocytes, specific activation of stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase, p38, by upstream activator MKK6bE led to significant induction of tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin-6 secretion, whereas treating cells with a selective p38 inhibitor (SB239068) significantly blocked the cytokine secretion from myocytes and increased their intracellular accumulation. Targeted expression of MKK6bE in transgenic hearts also resulted in a marked elevation in plasma tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin-6; oral administration of SB239068 resulted in a significant reduction in their plasma levels but an increase in intracardiac accumulation of both cytokines. MKK6bE transgenic hearts developed marked interstitial fibrosis with increased matrix metalloproteinase abundance and selective induction of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1; this extracellular matrix remodeling was also significantly attenuated by p38 inhibition. Along with cytokine induction and extracellular remodeling, MKK6bE transgenic animals displayed impaired hemodynamic function, whereas p38 inhibition improved the cardiac performance and prolonged the survival of the animals.

Conclusions— Stress-activated p38 kinase is a critical regulator of inflammatory response in cardiomyocytes with significant contribution to pathological remodeling in stressed myocardium. Inhibition of p38 may represent a useful therapeutic avenue to ameliorate cardiac pathology and heart failure evolution.

Key Words: inflammation • cardiomyopathy • signal transduction • heart failure

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