Circulation. 2004;110:738-743
Published online before print July 19, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000137913.26087.F0
Published online before print July 19, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000137913.26087.F0
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2004;110:738-743.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.
Original Articles |
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Peripheral Arterial Disease in the United States
Results From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000
From the Department of Epidemiology (E.S., T.P.E.), Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, and the Department of Medicine (T.P.E.), Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research (E.S., T.P.E.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
Correspondence to Thomas P. Erlinger, MD, MPH, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 2024 E Monument St, Suite 2-600, Baltimore, MD 21205. E-mail terlinge{at}jhmi.edu
Received March 15, 2004; revision received May 4, 2004; accepted May 5, 2004.
Background— Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is an important marker of subclinical coronary heart disease. However, estimates of PAD prevalence in the general US population have varied widely.
Methods and Results— We analyzed data from 2174 participants aged 40 years and older from the 1999–2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PAD was defined as an ankle-brachial index <0.90 in either leg. The prevalence of PAD among adults aged 40 years and over in the United States was 4.3% (95% CI 3.1% to 5.5%), which corresponds to 
5 million individuals (95% CI 4 to 7 million). Among those aged 70 years or over, the prevalence was 14.5% (95% CI 10.8% to 18.2%). In age- and gender-adjusted logistic regression analyses, black race/ethnicity (OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.48 to 5.42) current smoking (OR 4.46, 95% CI 2.25 to 8.84), diabetes (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.03 to 7.12), hypertension (OR 1.75, 95% CI 0.97 to 3.13), hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.57), and low kidney function (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.70) were positively associated with prevalent PAD. More than 95% of persons with PAD had 1 or more cardiovascular disease risk factors. Elevated fibrinogen and C-reactive protein levels were also associated with PAD.
Conclusions— This study provides nationally representative prevalence estimates of PAD in the United States, revealing that PAD affects more than 5 million adults. PAD prevalence increases dramatically with age and disproportionately affects blacks. The vast majority of individuals with PAD have 1 or more cardiovascular disease risk factors that should be targeted for therapy.
Key Words: peripheral arterial disease • epidemiology • risk factors
Related Article:
Circulation 2004 110: 643.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  Q. Liu, Z. Chen, T. Terry, J. M. McNatt, J. T. Willerson, and P. Zoldhelyi Intra-Arterial Transplantation of Adult Bone Marrow Cells Restores Blood Flow and Regenerates Skeletal Muscle in Ischemic Limbs Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, October 1, 2009; 43(5): 433 - 443. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. A. KERMANI, E. L. MATTESON, G. G. HUNDER, and K. J. WARRINGTON Symptomatic Lower Extremity Vasculitis in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Case Series J Rheumatol, October 1, 2009; 36(10): 2277 - 2283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, American College of Physicians Task Force on Compe, American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmona, American College of Preventive Medicine, American Diabetes Association, American Society of Hypertension, Association of Black Cardiologists, National Lipid Association, et al. ACCF/AHA/ACP 2009 competence and training statement: a curriculum on prevention of cardiovascular disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 29, 2009; 54(14): 1336 - 1363. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 WRITING COMMITTEE MEMBERS, C. N. Bairey Merz, M. J. Alberts, G. J. Balady, C. M. Ballantyne, K. Berra, H. R. Black, R. S. Blumenthal, M. H. Davidson, S. B. Fazio, et al. ACCF/AHA/ACP 2009 Competence and Training Statement: A Curriculum on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians Task Force on Competence and Training (Writing Committee to Develop a Competence and Training Statement on Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease): Developed in Collaboration With the American Academy of Neurology; American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; American College of Preventive Medicine; American College of Sports Medicine; American Diabetes Association; American Society of Hypertension; Association of Black Cardiologists; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National Lipid Association; and Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association Circulation, September 29, 2009; 120(13): e100 - e126. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Conen, K. M. Rexrode, M. A. Creager, P. M Ridker, and A. D. Pradhan Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation, and Risk of Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease in Women: A Prospective Study Circulation, September 22, 2009; 120(12): 1041 - 1047. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Anderson, F. H. Epstein, C. H. Meyer, K. D. Hagspiel, H. Wang, S. S. Berr, N. L. Harthun, A. Weltman, J. M. DiMaria, A. M. West, et al. Multifactorial determinants of functional capacity in peripheral arterial disease: uncoupling of calf muscle perfusion and metabolism. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 11, 2009; 54(7): 628 - 635. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Payvandi, A. Dyer, D. McPherson, P. Ades, J. Stein, K. Liu, L. Ferrucci, M. H Criqui, J. M Guralnik, D. Lloyd-Jones, et al. Physical activity during daily life and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in peripheral arterial disease Vascular Medicine, August 1, 2009; 14(3): 193 - 201. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Ramot, M. Meiron, A. Toren, M. Steiner, and A. Nyska Safety and Biodistribution Profile of Placental-derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (PLX-PAD) Following Intramuscular Delivery Toxicol Pathol, August 1, 2009; 37(5): 606 - 616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Selvin, A. Kottgen, and J. Coresh Kidney function estimated from serum creatinine and cystatin C and peripheral arterial disease in NHANES 1999-2002 Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2009; 30(15): 1918 - 1925. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. S. Berger, J. L. Petersen, and D. L. Brown Vascular Disease Burden and In-Hospital Outcomes Among Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in New York State Circ Cardiovasc Interv, August 1, 2009; 2(4): 317 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. S. E. Jeganathan, T. Y. Wong, P. J. Foster, J. G. Crowston, W. T. Tay, S. C. Lim, S.-M. Saw, E. S. Tai, and T. Aung Peripheral Artery Disease and Glaucoma: The Singapore Malay Eye Study Arch Ophthalmol, July 1, 2009; 127(7): 888 - 893. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Agarwal The Association of Active and Passive Smoking With Peripheral Arterial Disease: Results From NHANES 1999-2004 Angiology, June 1, 2009; 60(3): 335 - 345. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Tavintharan, Ning Cheung, Su Chi Lim, W. Tay, A. Shankar, E. Shyong Tai, and T. Y. Wong Prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in an Asian population with diabetes mellitus Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, April 1, 2009; 6(2): 80 - 86. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. L. Gornik Rethinking the Morbidity of Peripheral Arterial Disease and the "Normal" Ankle-Brachial Index J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 24, 2009; 53(12): 1063 - 1064. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T De Backer, R Vander Stichele, P Lehert, and L Van Bortel Naftidrofuryl for intermittent claudication: meta-analysis based on individual patient data BMJ, March 10, 2009; 338(mar10_1): b603 - b603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-P. T Ruifrok, R. A de Boer, A. Iwakura, M. Silver, K. Kusano, R. A Tio, and D. W Losordo Estradiol-induced, endothelial progenitor cell-mediated neovascularization in male mice with hind-limb ischemia Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2009; 14(1): 29 - 36. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Bo, L. Corsinovi, A. Brescianini, A. Sona, M. Astengo, R. Dumitrache, M. F. Ferrio, L. Pricop, and G. Fonte High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Is Not Independently Associated With Peripheral Subclinical Atherosclerosis Angiology, February 1, 2009; 60(1): 12 - 20. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, D. Lloyd-Jones, R. Adams, M. Carnethon, G. De Simone, T. B. Ferguson, K. Flegal, E. Ford, K. Furie, A. Go, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2009 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, January 27, 2009; 119(3): e21 - e181. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Kasapis, P. K. Henke, S. J. Chetcuti, G. C. Koenig, J. E. Rectenwald, V. N. Krishnamurthy, P. M. Grossman, and H. S. Gurm Routine stent implantation vs. percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in femoropopliteal artery disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2009; 30(1): 44 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P.C. Bennett, S. Silverman, P.S. Gill, and G.Y.H. Lip Ethnicity and peripheral artery disease QJM, January 1, 2009; 102(1): 3 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Criqui, M. J. Alberts, F. G. R. Fowkes, A. T. Hirsch, P. T. O'Gara, J. W. Olin, and for Writing Group 2 Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Symposium II: Screening for Atherosclerotic Vascular Diseases:: Should Nationwide Programs Be Instituted? Circulation, December 16, 2008; 118(25): 2830 - 2836. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P Reis, E. D Michos, D. von Muhlen, and E. R Miller III Differences in vitamin D status as a possible contributor to the racial disparity in peripheral arterial disease Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2008; 88(6): 1469 - 1477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. R. Hiatt Can Measuring the Ankle-Brachial Index Improve Public Health? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 18, 2008; 52(21): 1743 - 1744. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. J. Woollard, A. Suhartoyo, E. E. Harris, S. U. Eisenhardt, S. P. Jackson, K. Peter, A. M. Dart, M. J. Hickey, and J. P.F. Chin-Dusting Pathophysiological Levels of Soluble P-Selectin Mediate Adhesion of Leukocytes to the Endothelium Through Mac-1 Activation Circ. Res., November 7, 2008; 103(10): 1128 - 1138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Schane and S. A. Glantz Education on the Dangers of Passive Smoking: A Cessation Strategy Past Due Circulation, October 7, 2008; 118(15): 1521 - 1523. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. de Albuquerque, C. E. Virgini-Magalhaes, F. Lencastre Sicuro, D. A. Bottino, and E. Bouskela Effects of Cilostazol and Pentoxifylline on Forearm Reactive Hyperemia Response, Lipid Profile, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Intermittent Claudication Angiology, October 1, 2008; 59(5): 549 - 558. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Met, L. I. Janssen, J. Wille, A. E. Langezaal, R. W.H. van de Mortel, E. D.W.M. van de Pavoordt, and J.-P. P.M. de Vries Functional Results After Through-Knee and Above-Knee Amputations: Does More Length Mean Better Outcome? Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, October 1, 2008; 42(5): 456 - 461. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. M. Mahoney, K. Wang, D. J. Cohen, A. T. Hirsch, M. J. Alberts, K. Eagle, F. Mosse, J. D. Jackson, P. G. Steg, D. L. Bhatt, et al. One-Year Costs in Patients With a History of or at Risk for Atherothrombosis in the United States Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, September 1, 2008; 1(1): 38 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Espinola-Klein, H. J. Rupprecht, C. Bickel, K. Lackner, S. Savvidis, C. M. Messow, T. Munzel, S. Blankenberg, and for the AtheroGene Investigators Different Calculations of Ankle-Brachial Index and Their Impact on Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Circulation, August 26, 2008; 118(9): 961 - 967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. T Hirsch, L. Hartman, R. J Town, and B. A Virnig National health care costs of peripheral arterial disease in the Medicare population Vascular Medicine, August 1, 2008; 13(3): 209 - 215. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. A. Arain and L. T. Cooper Jr Peripheral Arterial Disease: Diagnosis and Management Mayo Clin. Proc., August 1, 2008; 83(8): 944 - 950. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. S. Huang, Q. Zhang, N. Gandra, M. H. Chin, and D. O. Meltzer The Effect of Comorbid Illness and Functional Status on the Expected Benefits of Intensive Glucose Control in Older Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Decision Analysis Ann Intern Med, July 1, 2008; 149(1): 11 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. P. Liew, J. R. Bartholomew, S. Demirjian, J. Michaels, and M. J. Schreiber Jr. Combined Effect of Chronic Kidney Disease and Peripheral Arterial Disease on All-Cause Mortality in a High-Risk Population Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2008; 3(4): 1084 - 1089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. H. Ix, M. A. Allison, J. O. Denenberg, M. Cushman, and M. H. Criqui Novel cardiovascular risk factors do not completely explain the higher prevalence of peripheral arterial disease among African Americans. The San Diego Population Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 17, 2008; 51(24): 2347 - 2354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. L. Melamed, P. Muntner, E. D. Michos, J. Uribarri, C. Weber, J. Sharma, and P. Raggi Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and the Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease: Results from NHANES 2001 to 2004 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2008; 28(6): 1179 - 1185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Guzman, D. M. Brinkley, P. M. Schumacher, R. M.J. Donahue, H. Beavers, and X. Qin Tibial Artery Calcification as a Marker of Amputation Risk in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 20, 2008; 51(20): 1967 - 1974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M.J.M. Welten, O. Schouten, S. E. Hoeks, M. Chonchol, R. Vidakovic, R. T. van Domburg, J. J. Bax, M. R.H.M. van Sambeek, and D. Poldermans Long-term prognosis of patients with peripheral arterial disease: a comparison in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 22, 2008; 51(16): 1588 - 1596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A Creager, R. L Pande, and W. R Hiatt A randomized trial of iloprost in patients with intermittent claudication Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2008; 13(1): 5 - 13. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Writing Group Members, W. Rosamond, K. Flegal, K. Furie, A. Go, K. Greenlund, N. Haase, S. M. Hailpern, M. Ho, V. Howard, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2008 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, January 29, 2008; 117(4): e25 - e146. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. S. Perlstein, R. L. Pande, J. A. Beckman, and M. A. Creager Serum Total Bilirubin Level and Prevalent Lower-Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 to 2004 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2008; 28(1): 166 - 172. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. R. Orth and S. I. Hallan Smoking: A Risk Factor for Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease and for Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Renal Patients Absence of Evidence or Evidence of Absence? Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2008; 3(1): 226 - 236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. H. H. Feringa, J. J. Bax, S. Hoeks, V. H. van Waning, A. Elhendy, S. Karagiannis, R. Vidakovic, O. Schouten, E. Boersma, and D. Poldermans A Prognostic Risk Index for Long-term Mortality in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease Arch Intern Med, December 10, 2007; 167(22): 2482 - 2489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Sritara, C. Sritara, M. Woodward, S. Wangsuphachart, F. Barzi, B. Hengprasith, and T. Yipintsoi Prevalence and Risk Factors of Peripheral Arterial Disease in a Selected Thai Population Angiology, November 1, 2007; 58(5): 572 - 578. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Nylaende, A.J. Kroese, B. Morken, E. Stranden, G. Sandbaek, A.K. Lindahl, H. Arnesen, and I. Seljeflot Beneficial effects of 1-year optimal medical treatment with and without additional PTA on inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis in patients with PAD. Results from the Oslo Balloon Angioplasty versus Conservative Treatment (OBACT) study Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2007; 12(4): 275 - 283. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.R.S. Girn, N.M. Orsi, and S. Homer-Vanniasinkam An overview of cytokine interactions in atherosclerosis and implications for peripheral arterial disease Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2007; 12(4): 299 - 309. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. T. Hirsch, T. P. Murphy, M. B. Lovell, G. Twillman, D. Treat-Jacobson, E. M. Harwood, E. R. Mohler III, M. A. Creager, R. W. Hobson II, R. M. Robertson, et al. Gaps in Public Knowledge of Peripheral Arterial Disease: The First National PAD Public Awareness Survey Circulation, October 30, 2007; 116(18): 2086 - 2094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Knowles, T. L. Assimes, J. Li, T. Quertermous, and J. P. Cooke Genetic Susceptibility to Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Dark Corner in Vascular Biology Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2007; 27(10): 2068 - 2078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. L. Chaikof and J. Y. Wang Commentary on "Biological Treatment of Vein Grafts and Stents in Lower-Extremity Arterial Reconstruction" Perspectives in Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, September 1, 2007; 19(3): 298 - 299. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Hager, R. A. Larson, P. J. DiMuzio, and J. V. Lombardi New Techniques and Developments of Stenting for Infrainguinal Arterial Occlusive Disease: Are the Results Any Better Than Balloon Angioplasty Alone? Perspectives in Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, September 1, 2007; 19(3): 300 - 306. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. E. Aquarius, J. Denollet, J. F. Hamming, D. P. Van Berge Henegouwen, and J. De Vries Type-D Personality and Ankle Brachial Index as Predictors of Impaired Quality of Life and Depressive Symptoms in Peripheral Arterial Disease Arch Surg, July 1, 2007; 142(7): 662 - 667. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. DeLoach and E. R. Mohler III Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Guide for Nephrologists Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., July 1, 2007; 2(4): 839 - 846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Shadman, M. A. Allison, and M. H. Criqui Glomerular Filtration Rate and N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide as Predictors of Cardiovascular Mortality in Vascular Patients J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 5, 2007; 49(22): 2172 - 2181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. Khawaja, K. R. Bailey, S. T. Turner, S. L. Kardia, T. H. Mosley Jr, and I. J. Kullo Association of Novel Risk Factors With the Ankle Brachial Index in African American and Non-Hispanic White Populations Mayo Clin. Proc., June 1, 2007; 82(6): 709 - 716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. H.H. Feringa, S. E. Karagiannis, M. Chonchol, R. Vidakovic, P. G. Noordzij, A. Elhendy, R. T. van Domburg, G. Welten, O. Schouten, J. J. Bax, et al. Lower Progression Rate of End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease Using Statins or Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., June 1, 2007; 18(6): 1872 - 1879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. White Intermittent Claudication N. Engl. J. Med., March 22, 2007; 356(12): 1241 - 1250. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. Boyd, C. O. Weiss, J. Halter, K. C. Han, W. B. Ershler, and L. P. Fried Framework for Evaluating Disease Severity Measures in Older Adults With Comorbidity J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., March 1, 2007; 62(3): 286 - 295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Beckman, M. A. Creager, and M. R. Jaff Response to Letter Regarding Article, "The United States Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement on Screening for Peripheral Arterial Disease: More Harm Than Benefit?" Circulation, February 27, 2007; 115(8): e213 - e213. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Post, L. F. Bielak, K. A. Ryan, Y.-C. Cheng, H. Shen, J. A. Rumberger, P. F. Sheedy II, A. R. Shuldiner, P. A. Peyser, and B. D. Mitchell Determinants of Coronary Artery and Aortic Calcification in the Old Order Amish Circulation, February 13, 2007; 115(6): 717 - 724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Rosamond, K. Flegal, G. Friday, K. Furie, A. Go, K. Greenlund, N. Haase, M. Ho, V. Howard, B. Kissela, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2007 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, February 6, 2007; 115(5): e69 - e171. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. C. Goff Jr, L. Brass, L. T. Braun, J. B. Croft, J. D. Flesch, F. G.R. Fowkes, Y. Hong, V. Howard, S. Huston, S. F. Jencks, et al. Essential Features of a Surveillance System to Support the Prevention and Management of Heart Disease and Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Councils on Epidemiology and Prevention, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Nursing and the Interdisciplinary Working Groups on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Circulation, January 2, 2007; 115(1): 127 - 155. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Murabito, C.-Y. Guo, C. S. Fox, and R. B. D'Agostino Heritability of the Ankle-Brachial Index: The Framingham Offspring Study Am. J. Epidemiol., November 15, 2006; 164(10): 963 - 968. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Selvin, J. Coresh, and F. L. Brancati The burden and treatment of diabetes in elderly individuals in the u.s. Diabetes Care, November 1, 2006; 29(11): 2415 - 2419. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Rajagopalan, S. Dellegrottaglie, A. L. Furniss, B. W. Gillespie, S. Satayathum, N. Lameire, A. Saito, T. Akiba, M. Jadoul, N. Ginsberg, et al. Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease: Observations From the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) Circulation, October 31, 2006; 114(18): 1914 - 1922. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Allison, M. H. Criqui, R. L. McClelland, J. M. Scott, M. M. McDermott, K. Liu, A. R. Folsom, A. G. Bertoni, A. R. Sharrett, S. Homma, et al. The Effect of Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors on the Ethnic-Specific Odds for Peripheral Arterial Disease in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 19, 2006; 48(6): 1190 - 1197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Beckman, M. R. Jaff, and M. A. Creager The United States Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement on Screening for Peripheral Arterial Disease: More Harm Than Benefit? Circulation, August 22, 2006; 114(8): 861 - 866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-P. Ledermann, A.-C. Schulte, H.-G. Heidecker, M. Aschwanden, K. A. Jager, K. Scheffler, W. Steinbrich, and D. Bilecen Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Skeletal Muscle in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease Circulation, June 27, 2006; 113(25): 2929 - 2935. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Guallar, E. K. Silbergeld, A. Navas-Acien, S. Malhotra, B. C. Astor, A. R. Sharrett, and B. S. Schwartz Confounding of the Relation between Homocysteine and Peripheral Arterial Disease by Lead, Cadmium, and Renal Function Am. J. Epidemiol., April 15, 2006; 163(8): 700 - 708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Selvin, K. Wattanakit, M. W. Steffes, J. Coresh, and A. R. Sharrett HbA1c and Peripheral Arterial Disease in Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study Diabetes Care, April 1, 2006; 29(4): 877 - 882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. H.H. Feringa, V. H. van Waning, J. J. Bax, A. Elhendy, E. Boersma, O. Schouten, W. Galal, R. V. Vidakovic, M. J. Tangelder, and D. Poldermans Cardioprotective Medication Is Associated With Improved Survival in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 21, 2006; 47(6): 1182 - 1187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. H. H. Feringa, J. J. J. Bax, V. H. van Waning, E. Boersma, A. Elhendy, O. Schouten, M. J. Tangelder, M. H. R. M. van Sambeek, A. H. van den Meiracker, and D. Poldermans The Long-term Prognostic Value of the Resting and Postexercise Ankle-Brachial Index. Arch Intern Med, March 13, 2006; 166(5): 529 - 535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Tzoulaki, G. D. Murray, J. F. Price, F. B. Smith, A. J. Lee, A. Rumley, G. D. O. Lowe, and F. G. R. Fowkes Hemostatic Factors, Inflammatory Markers, and Progressive Peripheral Atherosclerosis: The Edinburgh Artery Study Am. J. Epidemiol., February 15, 2006; 163(4): 334 - 341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Thom, N. Haase, W. Rosamond, V. J. Howard, J. Rumsfeld, T. Manolio, Z.-J. Zheng, K. Flegal, C. O'Donnell, S. Kittner, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2006 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): e85 - e151. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Nylaende, A Kroese, E Stranden, B Morken, G Sandbaek, A. Lindahl, H Arnesen, and I Seljeflot Markers of vascular inflammation are associated with the extent of atherosclerosis assessed as angiographic score and treadmill walking distances in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2006; 11(1): 21 - 28. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Stein, I. Hriljac, J. L Halperin, S. M Gustavson, V. Teodorescu, and J. W Olin Limitation of the resting ankle-brachial index in symptomatic patients with peripheral arterial disease Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2006; 11(1): 29 - 33. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. A. Khan, S. A. Rahim, S. S. Anand, D. L. Simel, and A. Panju Does the Clinical Examination Predict Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease? JAMA, February 1, 2006; 295(5): 536 - 546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Eldrup, H. Sillesen, E. Prescott, and B. G. Nordestgaard Ankle brachial index, C-reactive protein, and central augmentation index to identify individuals with severe atherosclerosis Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2006; 27(3): 316 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. E. Aquarius, J. De Vries, D. P. V. B. Henegouwen, and J. F. Hamming Clinical indicators and psychosocial aspects in peripheral arterial disease. Arch Surg, February 1, 2006; 141(2): 161 - 166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. C. Hunter Clinical Indicators and Psychosocial Aspects in Peripheral Arterial Disease--Invited Critique Arch Surg, February 1, 2006; 141(2): 166 - 166. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. McDermott, K. Liu, L. Ferrucci, M. H. Criqui, P. Greenland, J. M. Guralnik, L. Tian, J. R. Schneider, W. H. Pearce, J. Tan, et al. Physical Performance in Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Slower Rate of Decline in Patients Who Walk More Ann Intern Med, January 3, 2006; 144(1): 10 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Beckman, C. O. Higgins, and M. Gerhard-Herman Automated Oscillometric Determination of the Ankle-Brachial Index Provides Accuracy Necessary for Office Practice Hypertension, January 1, 2006; 47(1): 35 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. H. Criqui, V. Vargas, J. O. Denenberg, E. Ho, M. Allison, R. D. Langer, A. Gamst, W. P. Bundens, and A. Fronek Ethnicity and Peripheral Arterial Disease: The San Diego Population Study Circulation, October 25, 2005; 112(17): 2703 - 2707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Murabito, J. C. Evans, R. B. D'Agostino Sr., P. W. F. Wilson, and W. B. Kannel Temporal Trends in the Incidence of Intermittent Claudication from 1950 to 1999 Am. J. Epidemiol., September 1, 2005; 162(5): 430 - 437. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nasir, E. Guallar, A. Navas-Acien, M. H. Criqui, and J. A.C. Lima Relationship of Monocyte Count and Peripheral Arterial Disease: Results From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2005; 25(9): 1966 - 1971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W Olin Masterclass series in peripheral arterial disease: Hypertension and peripheral arterial disease Vascular Medicine, August 1, 2005; 10(3): 241 - 246. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Muntner, R. P. Wildman, K. Reynolds, K. B. DeSalvo, J. Chen, and V. Fonseca Relationship Between HbA1c Level and Peripheral Arterial Disease Diabetes Care, August 1, 2005; 28(8): 1981 - 1987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. McDermott, K. Liu, M. H. Criqui, K. Ruth, D. Goff, M. F. Saad, C. Wu, S. Homma, and A. R. Sharrett Ankle-Brachial Index and Subclinical Cardiac and Carotid Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Am. J. Epidemiol., July 1, 2005; 162(1): 33 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. T. Delis The Case for Intermittent Pneumatic Compression of the Lower Extremity as a Novel Treatment in Arterial Claudication Perspectives in Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, March 1, 2005; 17(1): 29 - 42. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|