Circulation. 2004;109:837-842
Published online before print February 2, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000116763.91992.F1
Published online before print February 2, 2004, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000116763.91992.F1
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2004;109:837-842.)
© 2004 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Risk for Incident Coronary Heart Disease in Middle-Aged Men and Women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
From the Section of Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, and Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Methodist DeBakey Heart Center, Houston, Tex (C.M.B., R.C.H.); the Departments of Biostatistics (H.B.) and Epidemiology (G.H.), School of Public Health, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (J.C., A.R.S.); and the Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (A.R.F.).
Correspondence to Christie M. Ballantyne, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin, M.S. A-601, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail cmb{at}bcm.tmc.edu
Received August 27, 2003; revision received November 18, 2003; accepted November 20, 2003.
Background— Measuring C-reactive protein (CRP) has been recommended to identify patients at high risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) with low LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a proinflammatory enzyme associated primarily with LDL.
Methods and Results— In a prospective, case cohort study in 12 819 apparently healthy middle-aged men and women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, the relation between Lp-PLA2, CRP, traditional risk factors, and risk for CHD events over a period of 
6 years was examined in a proportional hazards model, stratified by LDL-C. Lp-PLA2 and CRP levels were higher in the 608 cases than the 740 noncases. Both Lp-PLA2 and CRP were associated with incident CHD after adjustment for age, sex, and race with a hazard ratio of 1.78 for the highest tertile of Lp-PLA2 and 2.53 for the highest category of CRP versus the lowest categories. Lp-PLA2 correlated positively with LDL-C (r=0.36) and negatively with HDL-C (r=-0.33) but not with CRP (r=-0.05). In a model adjusted for traditional risk factors including LDL-C, the association of Lp-PLA2 with CHD was attenuated and not statistically significant. For individuals with LDL-C below the median (130 mg/dL), Lp-PLA2 and CRP were both significantly and independently associated with CHD in fully adjusted models. For individuals with LDL-C <130 mg/dL, those with both Lp-PLA2 and CRP levels in the highest tertile were at the greatest risk for a CHD event.
Conclusions— Lp-PLA2 and CRP may be complementary in identifying individuals at high CHD risk who have low LDL-C.
Key Words: Key Words: • coronary disease • epidemiology • inflammation • risk factors
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  A. A. Gardner, E. C. Reichert, M. K. Topham, and D. M. Stafforini Identification of a Domain That Mediates Association of Platelet-activating Factor Acetylhydrolase with High Density Lipoprotein J. Biol. Chem., June 20, 2008; 283(25): 17099 - 17106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. S. Sutton, D. R. Crosslin, S. H. Shah, S. C. Nelson, A. Bassil, A. B. Hale, C. Haynes, P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, J. M. Vance, D. Seo, et al. Comprehensive genetic analysis of the platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (PLA2G7) gene and cardiovascular disease in case-control and family datasets Hum. Mol. Genet., May 1, 2008; 17(9): 1318 - 1328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Mannheim, J. Herrmann, D. Versari, M. Gossl, F. B. Meyer, J. P. McConnell, L. O. Lerman, and A. Lerman Enhanced Expression of Lp-PLA2 and Lysophosphatidylcholine in Symptomatic Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques Stroke, May 1, 2008; 39(5): 1448 - 1455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. R. Mohler III, C. M. Ballantyne, M. H. Davidson, M. Hanefeld, L. M. Ruilope, J. L. Johnson, A. Zalewski, and for the Darapladib Investigators The Effect of Darapladib on Plasma Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Activity and Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Patients With Stable Coronary Heart Disease or Coronary Heart Disease Risk Equivalent: The Results of a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 29, 2008; 51(17): 1632 - 1641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Ky, A. Burke, S. Tsimikas, M. L. Wolfe, M. G. Tadesse, P. O. Szapary, J. L. Witztum, G. A. FitzGerald, and D. J. Rader The Influence of Pravastatin and Atorvastatin on Markers of Oxidative Stress in Hypercholesterolemic Humans J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 29, 2008; 51(17): 1653 - 1662. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Daniels, G. A. Laughlin, M. J. Sarno, R. Bettencourt, R. L. Wolfert, and E. Barrett-Connor Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 is an independent predictor of incident coronary heart disease in an apparently healthy older population: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 4, 2008; 51(9): 913 - 919. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Clarke, J. R. Emberson, E. Breeze, J. P. Casas, S. Parish, A. D. Hingorani, A. Fletcher, R. Collins, and L. Smeeth Biomarkers of inflammation predict both vascular and non-vascular mortality in older men Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2008; 29(6): 800 - 809. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. O. Badellino, M. L. Wolfe, M. P. Reilly, and D. J. Rader Endothelial Lipase Is Increased In Vivo by Inflammation in Humans Circulation, February 5, 2008; 117(5): 678 - 685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Sabatine, D. A. Morrow, M. O'Donoghue, K. A. Jablonksi, M. M. Rice, S. Solomon, Y. Rosenberg, M. J. Domanski, J. Hsia, and for the PEACE Investigators Prognostic Utility of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 for Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2007; 27(11): 2463 - 2469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Tousoulis, C. Antoniades, and C. Stefanadis Assessing inflammatory status in cardiovascular disease Heart, August 1, 2007; 93(8): 1001 - 1007. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Winkler, M. M. Hoffmann, B. R. Winkelmann, I. Friedrich, G. Schafer, U. Seelhorst, B. Wellnitz, H. Wieland, B. O. Boehm, and W. Marz Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Predicts 5-Year Cardiac Mortality Independently of Established Risk Factors and Adds Prognostic Information in Patients with Low and Medium High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health Study) Clin. Chem., August 1, 2007; 53(8): 1440 - 1447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Persson, B. Hedblad, J. J. Nelson, and G. Berglund Elevated Lp-PLA2 Levels Add Prognostic Information to the Metabolic Syndrome on Incidence of Cardiovascular Events Among Middle-Aged Nondiabetic Subjects Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., June 1, 2007; 27(6): 1411 - 1416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Ridker C-Reactive Protein and the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events Among Those at Intermediate Risk: Moving an Inflammatory Hypothesis Toward Consensus J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 29, 2007; 49(21): 2129 - 2138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Lavi, J. P. McConnell, C. S. Rihal, A. Prasad, V. Mathew, L. O. Lerman, and A. Lerman Local Production of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 and Lysophosphatidylcholine in the Coronary Circulation: Association With Early Coronary Atherosclerosis and Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans Circulation, May 29, 2007; 115(21): 2715 - 2721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Mallat, J. Benessiano, T. Simon, S. Ederhy, C. Sebella-Arguelles, A. Cohen, V. Huart, N. J. Wareham, R. Luben, K.-T. Khaw, et al. Circulating Secretory Phospholipase A2 Activity and Risk of Incident Coronary Events in Healthy Men and Women: The EPIC-NORFOLK Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., May 1, 2007; 27(5): 1177 - 1183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Sattar, H. M. Murray, A. McConnachie, G. J. Blauw, E. L.E.M. Bollen, B. M. Buckley, S. M. Cobbe, I. Ford, A. Gaw, M. Hyland, et al. C-Reactive Protein and Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease and Global Vascular Events in the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER) Circulation, February 27, 2007; 115(8): 981 - 989. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Koenig and N. Khuseyinova Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability and Rupture Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2007; 27(1): 15 - 26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M. Everett, T. Kurth, J. E. Buring, and P. M. Ridker The Relative Strength of C-Reactive Protein and Lipid Levels as Determinants of Ischemic Stroke Compared With Coronary Heart Disease in Women J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 9, 2006; (2006) j.jacc.2006.09.030v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. S. Jenny Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2: novel biomarker and causal mediator of atherosclerosis? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2006; 26(11): 2417 - 2418. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Gerber, J. P. McConnell, A. S. Jaffe, S. A. Weston, J. M. Killian, and V. L. Roger Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 and Prognosis After Myocardial Infarction in the Community Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2006; 26(11): 2517 - 2522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. D. Kolodgie, A. P. Burke, K. S. Skorija, E. Ladich, R. Kutys, A. T. Makuria, and R. Virmani Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Protein Expression in the Natural Progression of Human Coronary Atherosclerosis Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2006; 26(11): 2523 - 2529. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Libby and P. M. Ridker Inflammation and Atherothrombosis: From Population Biology and Bench Research to Clinical Practice J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 27, 2006; 48(9_Suppl_A): A33 - A46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. V. Elkind, W. Tai, K. Coates, M. C. Paik, and R. L. Sacco High-sensitivity C-reactive protein, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, and outcome after ischemic stroke. Arch Intern Med, October 23, 2006; 166(19): 2073 - 2080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. C. van Vark, I. Kardys, G. S. Bleumink, A. M. Knetsch, J. W. Deckers, A. Hofman, B. H.Ch. Stricker, and J. C.M. Witteman Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity and risk of heart failure: the Rotterdam Study Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2006; 27(19): 2346 - 2352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Jang, O. Y. Kim, S. J. Koh, J. S. Chae, Y. G. Ko, J. Y. Kim, H. Cho, T.-S. Jeong, W. S. Lee, J. M. Ordovas, et al. The Val279Phe Variant of the Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Gene Is Associated with Catalytic Activities and Cardiovascular Disease in Korean Men J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2006; 91(9): 3521 - 3527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Zalewski, J. J. Nelson, L. Hegg, and C. Macphee Lp-PLA2: A New Kid on the Block Clin. Chem., September 1, 2006; 52(9): 1645 - 1650. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Albert and P. M Ridker C-Reactive Protein as a Risk Predictor: Do Race/Ethnicity and Gender Make a Difference? Circulation, August 1, 2006; 114(5): e67 - e74. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Blankenberg, M. J. McQueen, M. Smieja, J. Pogue, C. Balion, E. Lonn, H. J. Rupprecht, C. Bickel, L. Tiret, F. Cambien, et al. Comparative Impact of Multiple Biomarkers and N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide in the Context of Conventional Risk Factors for the Prediction of Recurrent Cardiovascular Events in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Circulation, July 18, 2006; 114(3): 201 - 208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. R. Folsom, L. E. Chambless, C. M. Ballantyne, J. Coresh, G. Heiss, K. K. Wu, E. Boerwinkle, T. H. Mosley Jr, P. Sorlie, G. Diao, et al. An assessment of incremental coronary risk prediction using C-reactive protein and other novel risk markers: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Arch Intern Med, July 10, 2006; 166(13): 1368 - 1373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. R. Cook, J. E. Buring, and P. M Ridker The Effect of Including C-Reactive Protein in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Models for Women Ann Intern Med, July 4, 2006; 145(1): 21 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. S. Berman, R. Hachamovitch, L. J. Shaw, J. D. Friedman, S. W. Hayes, L. E.J. Thomson, D. S. Fieno, G. Germano, N. D. Wong, X. Kang, et al. Roles of Nuclear Cardiology, Cardiac Computed Tomography, and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance: Noninvasive Risk Stratification and a Conceptual Framework for the Selection of Noninvasive Imaging Tests in Patients with Known or Suspected Coronary Artery Disease J. Nucl. Med., July 1, 2006; 47(7): 1107 - 1118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Koenig, D. Twardella, H. Brenner, and D. Rothenbacher Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Predicts Future Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease Independently of Traditional Risk Factors, Markers of Inflammation, Renal Function, and Hemodynamic Stress Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2006; 26(7): 1586 - 1593. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Corsetti, D. L. Rainwater, A. J. Moss, W. Zareba, and C. E. Sparks High Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Is a Risk Factor for Recurrent Coronary Events in Postinfarction Patients Clin. Chem., July 1, 2006; 52(7): 1331 - 1338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Goldstein, R. Adams, M. J. Alberts, L. J. Appel, L. M. Brass, C. D. Bushnell, A. Culebras, T. J. DeGraba, P. B. Gorelick, J. R. Guyton, et al. Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation, June 20, 2006; 113(24): e873 - e923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Goldstein, R. Adams, M. J. Alberts, L. J. Appel, L. M. Brass, C. D. Bushnell, A. Culebras, T. J. DeGraba, P. B. Gorelick, J. R. Guyton, et al. Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke, June 1, 2006; 37(6): 1583 - 1633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Vasan Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease: Molecular Basis and Practical Considerations Circulation, May 16, 2006; 113(19): 2335 - 2362. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. C. Papavasiliou, C. Gouva, K. C. Siamopoulos, and A. D. Tselepis PAF-acetylhydrolase activity in plasma of patients with chronic kidney disease. Effect of long-term therapy with erythropoietin Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., May 1, 2006; 21(5): 1270 - 1277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Tsimikas, J. T. Willerson, and P. M. Ridker C-reactive protein and other emerging blood biomarkers to optimize risk stratification of vulnerable patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 18, 2006; 47(8 Suppl): C19 - C31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. O'Donoghue, D. A. Morrow, M. S. Sabatine, S. A. Murphy, C. H. McCabe, C. P. Cannon, and E. Braunwald Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 and Its Association With Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 (PRavastatin Or atorVastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) Trial Circulation, April 11, 2006; 113(14): 1745 - 1752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Kardys, H.-H. S. Oei, I. M. van der Meer, A. Hofman, M. M.B. Breteler, and J. C.M. Witteman Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 and Measures of Extracoronary Atherosclerosis: The Rotterdam Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., March 1, 2006; 26(3): 631 - 636. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Iribarren Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 and Cardiovascular Risk: State of the Evidence and Future Directions Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2006; 26(1): 5 - 6. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. H. Yang, J. P. McConnell, R. J. Lennon, G. W. Barsness, G. Pumper, S. J. Hartman, C. S. Rihal, L. O. Lerman, and A. Lerman Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Is an Independent Marker for Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2006; 26(1): 106 - 111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Gazi, E. S. Lourida, T. Filippatos, V. Tsimihodimos, M. Elisaf, and A. D. Tselepis Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Activity Is a Marker of Small, Dense LDL Particles in Human Plasma Clin. Chem., December 1, 2005; 51(12): 2264 - 2273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. W. F. Wilson, B.-H. Nam, M. Pencina, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, E. J. Benjamin, and C. J. O'Donnell C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women From the Framingham Heart Study Arch Intern Med, November 28, 2005; 165(21): 2473 - 2478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Ballantyne, R. C. Hoogeveen, H. Bang, J. Coresh, A. R. Folsom, L. E. Chambless, M. Myerson, K. K. Wu, A. R. Sharrett, and E. Boerwinkle Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2, High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein, and Risk for Incident Ischemic Stroke in Middle-aged Men and Women in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Arch Intern Med, November 28, 2005; 165(21): 2479 - 2484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. G. Rundle, P. Vineis, and H. Ahsan Design Options for Molecular Epidemiology Research within Cohort Studies Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2005; 14(8): 1899 - 1907. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M Ridker, N. Rifai, N. R. Cook, G. Bradwin, and J. E. Buring Non-HDL Cholesterol, Apolipoproteins A-I and B100, Standard Lipid Measures, Lipid Ratios, and CRP as Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Women JAMA, July 20, 2005; 294(3): 326 - 333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. N. Kiortsis, S. Tsouli, E. S. Lourida, V. Xydis, M. I. Argyropoulou, M. Elisaf, and A. D. Tselepis Lack of Association Between Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and PAF-Acetylhydrolase Mass and Activity in Patients with Primary Hyperlipidemia Angiology, July 1, 2005; 56(4): 451 - 458. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. S. Aldea Invited commentary Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 2005; 79(6): 2038 - 2039. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Sudhir Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2, a Novel Inflammatory Biomarker and Independent Risk Predictor for Cardiovascular Disease J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., May 1, 2005; 90(5): 3100 - 3105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Zalewski and C. Macphee Role of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 in Atherosclerosis: Biology, Epidemiology, and Possible Therapeutic Target Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., May 1, 2005; 25(5): 923 - 931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Boekholdt, T. T. Keller, N. J. Wareham, R. Luben, S. A. Bingham, N. E. Day, M. S. Sandhu, J. W. Jukema, J. J.P. Kastelein, C. E. Hack, et al. Serum Levels of Type II Secretory Phospholipase A2 and the Risk of Future Coronary Artery Disease in Apparently Healthy Men and Women: The EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., April 1, 2005; 25(4): 839 - 846. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Cushman Leukocyte Count in Vascular Risk Prediction Arch Intern Med, March 14, 2005; 165(5): 487 - 488. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Chait, C. Y. Han, J. F. Oram, and J. W. Heinecke Thematic review series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. Lipoprotein-associated inflammatory proteins: markers or mediators of cardiovascular disease? J. Lipid Res., March&nbs |