doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000085996.95532.FF
(Circulation. 2003;108:1064.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Atherosclerosis in Young Males
ARMY Study (Atherosclerosis Risk-Factors in Male Youngsters)
From the Institute for Biomedical Ageing Research (M. Knoflach, M. Kind, G.W.), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Neurology (S.K., J.W.), University Clinics, Innsbruck, Austria; Military Hospital 2 (M.S., M.G.), Innsbruck, Austria; Military Recruiting Bureau (R.S.), Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (R.v.d.Z.), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Medicine (H.G.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Central Laboratory for Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnosis (E.J.), University Clinics, Innsbruck, Austria.
Correspondence to George Wick, Institute for Pathophysiology, University Innsbruck, Medical School, Fritz-Piegl-Str. 3, A-6020 Innsbruch, Austria. E-mail georg.wick{at}uibk.ac.at
Received February 7, 2003; de novo received April 18, 2003; revision received May 30, 2003; accepted June 4, 2003.
Background— Necropsy studies suggest that atherosclerosis begins in childhood, but in vivo confirmation of this concept is sparse and limited to selected population samples. Furthermore, new risk concepts of atherosclerosis focusing on inflammation, infections, and immunity have not yet been evaluated in this age group.
Methods and Results— This study was conducted in a sample of 141 17- to 18-year-old white males homogenous in age and sex. In addition to classic risk factors, C-reactive protein and the humoral and cellular immune reactivity to heat-shock proteins (HSPs) were assessed. Intima-media thickness (IMT) was quantified at 4 vessel segments of the carotid and femoral arteries. High IMT was considered to be present if the IMT of at least 1 vessel segment exceeded the 90th percentile. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, cigarette smoking, high diastolic blood pressure, prominent immune reactivity to human and/or mycobacterial HSP60s, alcohol consumption (inverse), and low HDL cholesterol levels were all associated with high IMT. The prevalence of high IMT substantially increased from 0 to 60% when the number of risk conditions in a single individual increased from 0 to 4 (P<0.001 for linear trend).
Conclusions— Our study supports the concept that atherosclerosis begins in the first decades of life and suggests a role of the immune system, especially immunoreactivity against HSP60s, in atherosclerosis of young individuals.
Key Words: aging • atherosclerosis • immune system • lymphocytes
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