Circulation. 2003;108:161-165
Published online before print June 30, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000080289.72166.CF
Published online before print June 30, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000080289.72166.CF
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2003;108:161.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Plasma Concentration of C-Reactive Protein and the Calculated Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score
From the Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and the Leducq Center for Cardiovascular Research, Divisions of Cardiovascular Diseases and of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Dr Michelle A. Albert, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail maalbert{at}partners.org
Background— Although C-reactive protein (CRP) predicts vascular risk, few data are available evaluating the relation between CRP and the Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score (FCRS).
Methods and Results— CRP levels were compared with calculated 10-year FCRS in a cross-sectional survey of 1666 individuals free of cardiovascular disease. Among men and women not using hormone replacement therapy (HRT), CRP levels were significantly related to 10-year Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk categories [total cholesterol (TC) score for men and women: r=0.29 and r=0.22, respectively; LDL cholesterol score for men and women: r=0.29 and r=0.22, respectively, all probability values <0.01]. However, CRP levels correlated minimally with individual components of the FCRS, which included age (rmen=0.17, rwomen=-0.003), TC (rmen=-0.02, rwomen=-0.006), HDL-C (rmen=0.13), LDL-C (rmen=-0.0002, rwomen=0.012), blood pressure (rmen=0.18, rwomen=0.22), diabetes (rmen=0.10, rwomen=0.07), and smoking (rmen=0.16, rwomen=0.14) status. For women taking HRT, no significant relation was observed between CRP and the FCRS, although the power to detect effects in this subgroup is limited.
Conclusions— Our data demonstrate that CRP levels significantly correlate with calculated 10-year Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk in men and women not taking HRT but correlate minimally with most individual components of the FCRS. These data provide additional support for continued evaluation of CRP as a potential adjunct in the global prediction of cardiovascular risk.
Key Words: prevention • inflammation • risk factors
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  D. I. Buckley, R. Fu, M. Freeman, K. Rogers, and M. Helfand C-Reactive Protein as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Ann Intern Med, October 6, 2009; 151(7): 483 - 495. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Shah, J. P Casas, J. A Cooper, I. Tzoulaki, R. Sofat, V. McCormack, L. Smeeth, J. E Deanfield, G. D Lowe, A. Rumley, et al. Critical appraisal of CRP measurement for the prediction of coronary heart disease events: new data and systematic review of 31 prospective cohorts Int. J. Epidemiol., February 1, 2009; 38(1): 217 - 231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. D. Hingorani, T. Shah, J. P. Casas, S. E. Humphries, and P. J. Talmud C-Reactive Protein and Coronary Heart Disease: Predictive Test or Therapeutic Target? Clin. Chem., February 1, 2009; 55(2): 239 - 255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R Iijima, R A Byrne, G Ndrepepa, S Braun, J Mehilli, P B Berger, A Schomig, and A Kastrati Pre-procedural C-reactive protein levels and clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary interventions with and without abciximab: pooled analysis of four ISAR trials Heart, January 15, 2009; 95(2): 107 - 112. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. W. Hamm, H. Möllmann, J.-P. Bassand, and F. van de Werf CHAPTER 16 Acute Coronary Syndromes ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. MacNee, J. Maclay, and D. McAllister Cardiovascular Injury and Repair in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Proceedings of the ATS, December 1, 2008; 5(8): 824 - 833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. W.F. Wilson, M. Pencina, P. Jacques, J. Selhub, R. D'Agostino Sr, and C. J. O'Donnell C-Reactive Protein and Reclassification of Cardiovascular Risk in the Framingham Heart Study Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, November 1, 2008; 1(2): 92 - 97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. G. Flynn, B. K. McFarlin, and M. M. Markofski State of the Art Reviews: The Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Exercise Training American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, May 1, 2007; 1(3): 220 - 235. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Napoli, L. O. Lerman, F. de Nigris, M. Gossl, M. L. Balestrieri, and A. Lerman Rethinking Primary Prevention of Atherosclerosis-Related Diseases Circulation, December 5, 2006; 114(23): 2517 - 2527. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. P. Fadini, S. V. de Kreutzenberg, A. Coracina, I. Baesso, C. Agostini, A. Tiengo, and A. Avogaro Circulating CD34+ cells, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2006; 27(18): 2247 - 2255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. P. Fadini, A. Coracina, I. Baesso, C. Agostini, A. Tiengo, A. Avogaro, and S. Vigili de Kreutzenberg Peripheral Blood CD34+KDR+ Endothelial Progenitor Cells Are Determinants of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in a Middle-Aged General Population Stroke, September 1, 2006; 37(9): 2277 - 2282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Albert and P. M Ridker C-Reactive Protein as a Risk Predictor: Do Race/Ethnicity and Gender Make a Difference? Circulation, August 1, 2006; 114(5): e67 - e74. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Lloyd-Jones, K. Liu, L. Tian, and P. Greenland Narrative Review: Assessment of C-Reactive Protein in Risk Prediction for Cardiovascular Disease Ann Intern Med, July 4, 2006; 145(1): 35 - 42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Goldstein, R. Adams, M. J. Alberts, L. J. Appel, L. M. Brass, C. D. Bushnell, A. Culebras, T. J. DeGraba, P. B. Gorelick, J. R. Guyton, et al. Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation, June 20, 2006; 113(24): e873 - e923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. B. Goldstein, R. Adams, M. J. Alberts, L. J. Appel, L. M. Brass, C. D. Bushnell, A. Culebras, T. J. DeGraba, P. B. Gorelick, J. R. Guyton, et al. Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: Cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke, June 1, 2006; 37(6): 1583 - 1633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. K. Koh and B.-K. Yoon Controversies regarding hormone therapy: Insights from inflammation and hemostasis Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2006; 70(1): 22 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Christodoulides, P. N. Floriano, S. A. Acosta, K. L. M. Ballard, S. E. Weigum, S. Mohanty, P. Dharshan, D. Romanovicz, and J. T. McDevitt Toward the Development of a Lab-on-a-Chip Dual-Function Leukocyte and C-Reactive Protein Analysis Method for the Assessment of Inflammation and Cardiac Risk Clin. Chem., December 1, 2005; 51(12): 2391 - 2395. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. W. F. Wilson, B.-H. Nam, M. Pencina, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, E. J. Benjamin, and C. J. O'Donnell C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women From the Framingham Heart Study Arch Intern Med, November 28, 2005; 165(21): 2473 - 2478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Miller, M. Zhan, and S. Havas High Attributable Risk of Elevated C-Reactive Protein Level to Conventional Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Arch Intern Med, October 10, 2005; 165(18): 2063 - 2068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. B. Clearfield C-Reactive Protein: A New Risk Assessment Tool for Cardiovascular Disease J Am Osteopath Assoc, September 1, 2005; 105(9): 409 - 416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Lind, B. Hedblad, L. Stavenow, G. Engstrom, L. Janzon, M. Ogren, and F. Lindgarde Incidence of Myocardial Infarction and Death in Relation to Walking-Induced Calf Pain and Plasma Levels of Inflammation-Sensitive Proteins Angiology, September 1, 2005; 56(5): 507 - 516. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. M. Parmar, V. Nambudiri, G. Dai, H. B. Larman, M. A. Gimbrone Jr., and G. Garcia-Cardena Statins Exert Endothelial Atheroprotective Effects via the KLF2 Transcription Factor J. Biol. Chem., July 22, 2005; 280(29): 26714 - 26719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Di Napoli, M. Schwaninger, R. Cappelli, E. Ceccarelli, G. Di Gianfilippo, C. Donati, H. C.A. Emsley, S. Forconi, S. J. Hopkins, L. Masotti, et al. Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein Measurement for Assessing the Risk and Prognosis in Ischemic Stroke: A Statement for Health Care Professionals From the CRP Pooling Project Members Stroke, June 1, 2005; 36(6): 1316 - 1329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. B. Kritchevsky, M. Cesari, and M. Pahor Inflammatory markers and cardiovascular health in older adults Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2005; 66(2): 265 - 275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K de Leeuw, J-S Sanders, C Stegeman, A Smit, C G Kallenberg, and M Bijl Accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis Ann Rheum Dis, May 1, 2005; 64(5): 753 - 759. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Genius, T. Dong-Si, A. P. Grau, and C. Lichy Postacute C-Reactive Protein Levels Are Elevated in Cervical Artery Dissection Stroke, April 1, 2005; 36(4): e42 - e44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Chait, C. Y. Han, J. F. Oram, and J. W. Heinecke Thematic review series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. Lipoprotein-associated inflammatory proteins: markers or mediators of cardiovascular disease? J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2005; 46(3): 389 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Tedgui The role of inflammation in atherothrombosis: implications for clinical practice Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2005; 10(1): 45 - 53. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. J. Kullo and C. M. Ballantyne Conditional Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis Mayo Clin. Proc., February 1, 2005; 80(2): 219 - 230. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. O. Bonow Update in Cardiology Ann Intern Med, October 19, 2004; 141(8): 628 - 634. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Verma, C.-H. Wang, E. Lonn, F. Charbonneau, J. Buithieu, L. M. Title, M. Fung, S. Edworthy, A. C. Robertson, T. J. Anderson, et al. Cross-sectional evaluation of brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation and C-reactive protein in healthy individuals Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2004; 25(19): 1754 - 1760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Albert, J. Torres, R. J. Glynn, and P. M Ridker Perspective on Selected Issues in Cardiovascular Disease Research With a Focus on Black Americans Circulation, July 13, 2004; 110(2): e7 - e12. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Hashimoto, K. Kitagawa, H. Hougaku, H. Etani, and M. Hori Relationship Between C-Reactive Protein and Progression of Early Carotid Atherosclerosis in Hypertensive Subjects Stroke, July 1, 2004; 35(7): 1625 - 1630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M Ridker, P. W.F. Wilson, and S. M. Grundy Should C-Reactive Protein Be Added to Metabolic Syndrome and to Assessment of Global Cardiovascular Risk? Circulation, June 15, 2004; 109(23): 2818 - 2825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Koenig, H. Lowel, J. Baumert, and C. Meisinger C-Reactive Protein Modulates Risk Prediction Based on the Framingham Score: Implications for Future Risk Assessment: Results From a Large Cohort Study in Southern Germany Circulation, March 23, 2004; 109(11): 1349 - 1353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. B. J. Mancini Vascular structure versus function: is endothelial dysfunction of independent prognostic importance or not? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 18, 2004; 43(4): 624 - 628. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Lutgens, R.-J. van Suylen, B. C. Faber, M. J. Gijbels, P. M. Eurlings, A.-P. Bijnens, K. B. Cleutjens, S. Heeneman, and M. J.A.P. Daemen Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture: Local or Systemic Process? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2003; 23(12): 2123 - 2130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. G. Canto and A. E. Iskandrian Major Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: Debunking the "Only 50%" Myth JAMA, August 20, 2003; 290(7): 947 - 949. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|