Circulation. 2002;106:2194-2199
Published online before print October 7, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000035653.72855.BF
Published online before print October 7, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000035653.72855.BF
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2002;106:2194.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Effect of Carvedilol on the Morbidity of Patients With Severe Chronic Heart Failure
Results of the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study
From the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University (M.P.), New York, NY; Royal Brompton Hospital (A.J.S.C.), London, UK; Stanford University Medical Center (M.B.F.), Stanford, Calif; Universitaets Klinikum Luebeck (H.A.K.), Luebeck, Germany; Monash University (H.K.), Prahran Victoria, Australia; University Hospital (P.M.), Bern, Switzerland; University Health Network and Mt Sinai Hospital (J.L.R.), Toronto, Canada; Silesian School of Medicine (M.T.), Katowice, Poland; Roche Pharmaceuticals (C.S., I.A.-Z.), Basel, Switzerland; GlaxoSmithKline Ltd (T.L.H.), Philadelphia, Pa; and the University of Wisconsin (E.B.R., D.L.D.), Madison.
Correspondence to Dr Milton Packer, Division of Circulatory Physiology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032. E-mail mp65{at}columbia.edu
Background— ß-Blocking agents improve functional status and reduce morbidity in mild-to-moderate heart failure, but it is not known whether they produce such benefits in severe heart failure.
Methods and Results— We randomly assigned 2289 patients with symptoms of heart failure at rest or on minimal exertion and with an ejection fraction <25% (but not volume-overloaded) to double-blind treatment with either placebo (n=1133) or carvedilol (n=1156) for an average of 10.4 months. Carvedilol reduced the combined risk of death or hospitalization for a cardiovascular reason by 27% (P=0.00002) and the combined risk of death or hospitalization for heart failure by 31% (P=0.000004). Patients in the carvedilol group also spent 27% fewer days in the hospital for any reason (P=0.0005) and 40% fewer days in the hospital for heart failure (P<0.0001). These differences were as a result of both a decrease in the number of hospitalizations and a shorter duration of each admission. More patients felt improved and fewer patients felt worse in the carvedilol group than in the placebo group after 6 months of maintenance therapy (P=0.0009). Carvedilol-treated patients were also less likely than placebo-treated patients to experience a serious adverse event (P=0.002), especially worsening heart failure, sudden death, cardiogenic shock, or ventricular tachycardia.
Conclusion— In euvolemic patients with symptoms at rest or on minimal exertion, the addition of carvedilol to conventional therapy ameliorates the severity of heart failure and reduces the risk of clinical deterioration, hospitalization, and other serious adverse clinical events.
Key Words: heart failure • adrenergic beta-antagonists • carvedilol
Related Article:
Circulation 2002 106: 2164-2166.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  B. Rozec, M. Erfanian, K. Laurent, J.-N. Trochu, and C. Gauthier Nebivolol, a vasodilating selective beta(1)-blocker, is a beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist in the nonfailing transplanted human heart. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 28, 2009; 53(17): 1532 - 1538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. S. Anand, P. Carson, E. Galle, R. Song, J. Boehmer, J. K. Ghali, B. Jaski, J. Lindenfeld, C. O'Connor, J. S. Steinberg, et al. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Reduces the Risk of Hospitalizations in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure: Results From the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Trial Circulation, February 24, 2009; 119(7): 969 - 977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Orso, S. Baldasseroni, G. Fabbri, L. Gonzini, D. Lucci, C. D'Ambrosi, M. Gobbi, G. Lecchi, S. Randazzo, G. Masotti, et al. Role of beta-blockers in patients admitted for worsening heart failure in a real world setting: data from the Italian Survey on Acute Heart Failure Eur J Heart Fail, January 1, 2009; 11(1): 77 - 84. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Dickstein, A. Cohen-Solal, G. Filippatos, J. J.V. McMurray, P. Ponikowski, P. A. Poole-Wilson, A. Stromberg, D. J. van Veldhuisen, D. Atar, A. W. Hoes, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) Eur J Heart Fail, October 1, 2008; 10(10): 933 - 989. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. S. Kallistratos, A. Dritsas, I. D. Laoutaris, and D. V. Cokkinos N-terminal Prohormone Brain Natriuretic Peptide Plasma Levels in Heart Failure Are Affected Both Directly and Indirectly by Carvedilol Angiology, July 1, 2008; 59(3): 323 - 328. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Sehnert, S. E. Daniels, M. Elashoff, J. A. Wingrove, C. R. Burrow, B. Horne, J. B. Muhlestein, M. Donahue, S. B. Liggett, J. L. Anderson, et al. Lack of Association Between Adrenergic Receptor Genotypes and Survival in Heart Failure Patients Treated With Carvedilol or Metoprolol J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 23, 2008; (2008) j.jacc.2008.05.022v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. R. Reynolds and J. S. Hochman Cardiogenic Shock: Current Concepts and Improving Outcomes Circulation, February 5, 2008; 117(5): 686 - 697. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. K. Ghali, I. S. Anand, W. T. Abraham, G. C. Fonarow, B. Greenberg, H. Krum, B. M. Massie, S. M. Wasserman, M.-L. Trotman, Y. Sun, et al. Randomized Double-Blind Trial of Darbepoetin Alfa in Patients With Symptomatic Heart Failure and Anemia Circulation, January 29, 2008; 117(4): 526 - 535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. C. Currow, M. Agar, J. Tieman, and A. P. Abernethy Letter to the editor: Multi-site research allows adequately powered palliative care trials; web-based data management makes it achievable today Palliative Medicine, January 1, 2008; 22(1): 91 - 92. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. P. Jorde, T. J. Vittorio, M. E. Kasper, E. Arezzi, P. C. Colombo, R. L. Goldsmith, K. Ahuja, C.-H. Tseng, F. Haas, and D. S. Hirsh Chronotropic incompetence, beta-blockers, and functional capacity in advanced congestive heart failure: Time to pace? Eur J Heart Fail, January 1, 2008; 10(1): 96 - 101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. M. Albert Switching to Once-Daily Evidence-Based -Blockers in Patients With Systolic Heart Failure or Left Ventricular Dysfunction After Myocardial Infarction Crit. Care Nurse, December 1, 2007; 27(6): 62 - 72. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H.-R. Neuberger, C. Mewis, D. J. van Veldhuisen, U. Schotten, I. C. van Gelder, M. A. Allessie, and M. Bohm Management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2007; 28(21): 2568 - 2577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. E. Shaddy, M. M. Boucek, D. T. Hsu, R. J. Boucek, C. E. Canter, L. Mahony, R. D. Ross, E. Pahl, E. D. Blume, D. A. Dodd, et al. Carvedilol for Children and Adolescents With Heart Failure: A Randomized Controlled Trial JAMA, September 12, 2007; 298(10): 1171 - 1179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. van Veldhuisen, K. Dickstein, A. Cohen-Solal, D. J.A. Lok, S. M. Wasserman, N. Baker, D. Rosser, J. G.F. Cleland, and P. Ponikowski Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of two dosing regimens of darbepoetin alfa in patients with heart failure and anaemia Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2007; 28(18): 2208 - 2216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Chen, R. Chang, B. Umakanthan, L. N. Stoletniy, and J. T. Heywood Improvement of Cardiac Function Persists Long Term With Medical Therapy for Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, September 1, 2007; 12(3): 220 - 226. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Fenton and M. Burch Understanding chronic heart failure Arch. Dis. Child., September 1, 2007; 92(9): 812 - 816. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Bangalore, F. H. Messerli, J. B. Kostis, and C. J. Pepine Cardiovascular Protection Using Beta-Blockers: A Critical Review of the Evidence J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 14, 2007; 50(7): 563 - 572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Rosendorff, H. R. Black, C. P. Cannon, B. J. Gersh, J. Gore, J. L. Izzo Jr, N. M. Kaplan, C. M. O'Connor, P. T. O'Gara, and S. Oparil REPRINT Treatment of Hypertension in the Prevention and Management of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention Hypertension, August 1, 2007; 50(2): e28 - e55. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. S. Colucci, T. J. Kolias, K. F. Adams, W. F. Armstrong, J. K. Ghali, S. S. Gottlieb, B. Greenberg, M. I. Klibaner, M. L. Kukin, J. E. Sugg, et al. Metoprolol Reverses Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients With Asymptomatic Systolic Dysfunction: The REversal of VEntricular Remodeling with Toprol-XL (REVERT) Trial Circulation, July 3, 2007; 116(1): 49 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Marian Phenotypic Plasticity of Sarcomeric Protein Mutations J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 26, 2007; 49(25): 2427 - 2429. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Patel and J. T. Heywood Mode of Death in Patients With Systolic Heart Failure Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, June 1, 2007; 12(2): 127 - 136. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Rosendorff, H. R. Black, C. P. Cannon, B. J. Gersh, J. Gore, J. L. Izzo Jr, N. M. Kaplan, C. M. O'Connor, P. T. O'Gara, and S. Oparil Treatment of Hypertension in the Prevention and Management of Ischemic Heart Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention Circulation, May 29, 2007; 115(21): 2761 - 2788. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Taylor, S. Ziesche, C. W. Yancy, P. Carson, K. Ferdinand, M. Taylor, K. Adams, A. Y. Olukotun, E. Ofili, S. W. Tam, et al. Early and Sustained Benefit on Event-Free Survival and Heart Failure Hospitalization From Fixed-Dose Combination of Isosorbide Dinitrate/Hydralazine: Consistency Across Subgroups in the African-American Heart Failure Trial Circulation, April 3, 2007; 115(13): 1747 - 1753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Egi, R. Bellomo, C. Langenberg, M. Haase, A. Haase, L. Doolan, G. Matalanis, S. Seevenayagam, and B. Buxton Selecting a Vasopressor Drug for Vasoplegic Shock After Adult Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Literature Review Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2007; 83(2): 715 - 723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Lindenfeld, A. M. Feldman, L. Saxon, J. Boehmer, P. Carson, J. K. Ghali, I. Anand, S. Singh, J. S. Steinberg, B. Jaski, et al. Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy With or Without a Defibrillator on Survival and Hospitalizations in Patients With New York Heart Association Class IV Heart Failure Circulation, January 16, 2007; 115(2): 204 - 212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. J. Dzau, E. M. Antman, H. R. Black, D. L. Hayes, J. E. Manson, J. Plutzky, J. J. Popma, and W. Stevenson The Cardiovascular Disease Continuum Validated: Clinical Evidence of Improved Patient Outcomes: Part II: Clinical Trial Evidence (Acute Coronary Syndromes Through Renal Disease) and Future Directions Circulation, December 19, 2006; 114(25): 2871 - 2891. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Agostoni, M. Contini, A. Magini, A. Apostolo, G. Cattadori, M. Bussotti, F. Veglia, D. Andreini, and P. Palermo Carvedilol reduces exercise-induced hyperventilation: A benefit in normoxia and a problem with hypoxia Eur J Heart Fail, November 1, 2006; 8(7): 729 - 735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Opasich, A. Boccanelli, M. Cafiero, V. Cirrincione, D. Del Sindaco, A. D. Lenarda, S. D. Luzio, P. Faggiano, M. Frigerio, D. Lucci, et al. Programme to improve the use of beta-blockers for heart failure in the elderly and in those with severe symptoms: Results of the BRING-UP 2 Study Eur J Heart Fail, October 1, 2006; 8(6): 649 - 657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. van Veldhuisen, H. Aass, D. El Allaf, P. H.J.M. Dunselman, L. Gullestad, M. Halinen, J. Kjekshus, L. Ohlsson, H. Wedel, J. Wikstrand, et al. Presence and development of atrial fibrillation in chronic heart failure: Experiences from the MERIT-HF Study Eur J Heart Fail, August 1, 2006; 8(5): 539 - 546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R.S. Freudenberger, J. Kim, I. Tawfik, and F.A. Sonnenberg Optimal Medical Therapy Is Superior to Transplantation for the Treatment of Class I, II, and III Heart Failure: A Decision Analytic Approach Circulation, July 4, 2006; 114(1_suppl): I-62 - I-66. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Roth-Cline Clinical Trials in the Wake of Vioxx: Requiring Statistically Extreme Evidence of Benefit to Ensure the Safety of New Drugs Circulation, May 9, 2006; 113(18): 2253 - 2259. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P A Mehta and M R Cowie Gender and heart failure: a population perspective Heart, May 1, 2006; 92(suppl_3): iii14 - iii18. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Gardner, T. A. McDonagh, M. MacDonald, H. J. Dargie, A. J. Murday, and M. C. Petrie Who needs a heart transplant? Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2006; 27(7): 770 - 772. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. R. Marcy and T. L. Ripley Aldosterone antagonists in the treatment of heart failure Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., January 1, 2006; 63(1): 49 - 58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M C Shibata, J Collinson, A K Taneja, A Bakhai, and M D Flather Long term prognosis of heart failure after acute coronary syndromes without ST elevation Postgrad. Med. J., January 1, 2006; 82(963): 55 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J D Newton, H M Blackledge, and I B Squire Ethnicity and variation in prognosis for patients newly hospitalised for heart failure: a matched historical cohort study Heart, December 1, 2005; 91(12): 1545 - 1550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Tendera Epidemiology, treatment, and guidelines for the treatment of heart failure in Europe Eur. Heart J. Suppl., October 1, 2005; 7(suppl_J): J5 - J9. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. V. Naccarelli Antiadrenergic Therapy in the Control of Atrial Fibrillation Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, October 1, 2005; 10(4_suppl): S33 - S43. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J.V. McMurray The role of angiotensin II receptor blockers in the management of heart failure Eur. Heart J. Suppl., October 1, 2005; 7(suppl_J): J10 - J14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Jochmann, K. Stangl, E. Garbe, G. Baumann, and V. Stangl Female-specific aspects in the pharmacotherapy of chronic cardiovascular diseases Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2005; 26(16): 1585 - 1595. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. McMurray, A. Cohen-Solal, R. Dietz, E. Eichhorn, L. Erhardt, F.D. R. Hobbs, H. Krum, A. Maggioni, R. S. McKelvie, I. L. Pina, et al. Practical recommendations for the use of ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, aldosterone antagonists and angiotensin receptor blockers in heart failure: Putting guidelines into practice Eur J Heart Fail, August 1, 2005; 7(5): 710 - 721. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Klein, C. M. O'Connor, J. D. Leimberger, W. Gattis-Stough, I. L. Pina, G. M. Felker, K. F. Adams Jr, R. M. Califf, M. Gheorghiade, and for the OPTIME-CHF Investigators Lower Serum Sodium Is Associated With Increased Short-Term Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Worsening Heart Failure: Results From the Outcomes of a Prospective Trial of Intravenous Milrinone for Exacerbations of Chronic Heart Failure (OPTIME-CHF) Study Circulation, May 17, 2005; 111(19): 2454 - 2460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Pratt Three decades of clinical trials with beta-blockers: The contribution of the CAPRICORN trial and the effect of carvedilol on serious arrhythmias J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 15, 2005; 45(4): 531 - 532. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. McMurray Making sense of SENIORS Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2005; 26(3): 203 - 206. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. B. Young, M. E. Dunlap, M. A. Pfeffer, J. L. Probstfield, A. Cohen-Solal, R. Dietz, C. B. Granger, J. Hradec, J. Kuch, R. S. McKelvie, et al. Mortality and Morbidity Reduction With Candesartan in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: Results of the CHARM Low-Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Trials Circulation, October 26, 2004; 110(17): 2618 - 2626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Di Bari, C. Pozzi, M. C. Cavallini, F. Innocenti, G. Baldereschi, W. De Alfieri, E. Antonini, R. Pini, G. Masotti, and N. Marchionni The diagnosis of heart failure in the community: Comparative validation of four sets of criteria in unselected older adults: the ICARe Dicomano Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 19, 2004; 44(8): 1601 - 1608. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Cascorbi, M. Paul, and H. K. Kroemer Pharmacogenomics of heart failure - focus on drug disposition and action Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2004; 64(1): 32 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Kawai, F. Qin, J. Shite, W. Mao, S. Fukuoka, and C.-s. Liang Importance of antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of {beta}-receptor blockers in heart failure therapy Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2004; 287(3): H1003 - H1012. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T.-a. Koshimizu, G. Tsujimoto, A. Hirasawa, Y. Kitagawa, and A. Tanoue Carvedilol selectively inhibits oscillatory intracellular calcium changes evoked by human {alpha}1D- and {alpha}1B-adrenergic receptors Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2004; 63(4): 662 - 672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C Deedwania, S. Gottlieb, J. K Ghali, F. Waagstein, J. C. Wikstrand, and for the MERIT-HF Study Group Efficacy, safety and tolerability of {beta}-adrenergic blockade with metoprolol CR/XL in elderly patients with heart failure Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2004; 25(15): 1300 - 1309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Komajda, B. Lutiger, H. Madeira, K. Thygesen, M. Bobbio, P. Hildebrandt, W. Jaarsma, G. Riegger, L. Ryden, A. Scherhag, et al. Tolerability of carvedilol and ACE-Inhibition in mild heart failure. Results of CARMEN (Carvedilol ACE-Inhibitor Remodelling Mild CHF EvaluatioN) Eur J Heart Fail, June 1, 2004; 6(4): 467 - 475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Willenheimer, E. Erdmann, F. Follath, H. Krum, P. Ponikowski, B. Silke, D. J. van Veldhuisen, L. van de Ven, P. Verkenne, P. Lechat, et al. Comparison of treatment initiation with bisoprolol vs. enalapril in chronic heart failure patients: rationale and design of CIBIS-III Eur J Heart Fail, June 1, 2004; 6(4): 493 - 500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Rouleau, E. B. Roecker, M. Tendera, P. Mohacsi, H. Krum, H. A. Katus, M. B. Fowler, A. J. S. Coats, A. Castaigne, A. Scherhag, et al. Influence of pretreatment systolic blood pressure on the effect of carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure: The Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 21, 2004; 43(8): 1423 - 1429. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. L. Bauman and R. L. Talbert Pharmacodynamics of{beta}-Blockers in Heart Failure: Lessons from the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, April 1, 2004; 9(2): 117 - 128. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Joles and H. A. Koomans Causes and Consequences of Increased Sympathetic Activity in Renal Disease Hypertension, April 1, 2004; 43(4): 699 - 706. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J Everly, P. C Heaton, and R. J Cluxton Jr {beta}-Blocker Underuse in Secondary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction Ann. Pharmacother., February 1, 2004; 38(2): 286 - 293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. A. Konstam and D. DeNofrio Endothelin Expression and the Progression of Heart Failure: Exemplifying the Vagaries of Therapeutic Development Circulation, January 20, 2004; 109(2): 143 - 145. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Zecchin, A. Di Lenarda, A. Proclemer, G. Faganello, D. Facchin, E. Petz, and G. Sinagra The role of implantable cardioverter defibrillator for primary vs secondary prevention of sudden death in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy Europace, January 1, 2004; 6(5): 400 - 406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. L. Pina A better survival for women with heart failure? it's not so simple... J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 17, 2003; 42(12): 2135 - 2138. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. W C Chow, R. E Lane, and M. R Cowie New pacing technologies for heart failure BMJ, May 15, 2003; 326(7398): 1073 - 1077. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. C. Wollert and H. Drexler Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Trial: Carvedilol as the Sun and Center of the {beta}-Blocker World? Circulation, October 22, 2002; 106(17): 2164 - 2166. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|