This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Libby, P. Articles by Maseri, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Libby, P. Articles by Maseri, A. Pubmed/NCBI databases OMIM Related Collections Lipids Risk Factors Acute coronary syndromes Acute myocardial infarction

(Circulation. 2002;105:1135.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.

Clinical Cardiology: New Frontiers

Inflammation and Atherosclerosis

Peter Libby, MD; Paul M. Ridker, MD; Attilio Maseri, MD

From the Leducq Center for Cardiovascular Research (P.L., P.M.R.) and Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention (P.M.R.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, and Department of Cardiovascular Disease (A.M.), University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.

Correspondence to Peter Libby, MD, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Ave, LMRC 307, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail plibby{at}rics.bwh.harvard.edu

Atherosclerosis, formerly considered a bland lipid storage disease, actually involves an ongoing inflammatory response. Recent advances in basic science have established a fundamental role for inflammation in mediating all stages of this disease from initiation through progression and, ultimately, the thrombotic complications of atherosclerosis. These new findings provide important links between risk factors and the mechanisms of atherogenesis. Clinical studies have shown that this emerging biology of inflammation in atherosclerosis applies directly to human patients. Elevation in markers of inflammation predicts outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes, independently of myocardial damage. In addition, low-grade chronic inflammation, as indicated by levels of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein, prospectively defines risk of atherosclerotic complications, thus adding to prognostic information provided by traditional risk factors. Moreover, certain treatments that reduce coronary risk also limit inflammation. In the case of lipid lowering with statins, this anti-inflammatory effect does not appear to correlate with reduction in low-density lipoprotein levels. These new insights into inflammation in atherosclerosis not only increase our understanding of this disease, but also have practical clinical applications in risk stratification and targeting of therapy for this scourge of growing worldwide importance.

Key Words: endothelium • inflammation • atherosclerosis • proteins

This article has been cited by other articles:

				M. Engoren, R. H. Habib, J. Hadaway, A. Zacharias, T. A. Schwann, C. J. Riordan, S. J. Durham, and A. Shah The Effect on Long-Term Survival of Erythrocyte Transfusion Given for Cardiac Valve Operations Ann. Thorac. Surg., July 1, 2009; 88(1): 95 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Huang, C. Luo, X. Gu, Z. Wu, Z. Wang, Z. Du, C. Hu, and L. Tang Mechanical Strain Induces Expression of C-Reactive Protein in Human Blood Vessels J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., July 1, 2009; 330(1): 206 - 211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M. Biasucci, G. Liuzzo, S. Giubilato, R. Della Bona, M. Leo, M. Pinnelli, A. Severino, M. Gabriele, S. Brugaletta, M. Piro, et al. Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in patients with unstable angina: relation to C-reactive protein and recurrence of instability Eur. Heart J., June 25, 2009; (2009) ehp248v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Yu, X. Ye, J. Wang, Q. Qi, O. H. Franco, K. L. Rennie, A. Pan, H. Li, Y. Liu, F. B. Hu, et al. Associations of Physical Activity With Inflammatory Factors, Adipocytokines, and Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Older Chinese People Circulation, June 16, 2009; 119(23): 2969 - 2977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Recio-Mayoral, J. C. Mason, J. C. Kaski, M. B. Rubens, O. A. Harari, and P. G. Camici Chronic inflammation and coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients without risk factors for coronary artery disease Eur. Heart J., June 5, 2009; (2009) ehp205v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Dinh, S. Scovell, and A. Veves Review: Peripheral Arterial Disease and Diabetes: A Clinical Update International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds, June 1, 2009; 8(2): 75 - 81. [Abstract] [PDF]

				E. W. Kang, H. J. Na, S. M. Hong, S. K. Shin, S.-W. Kang, K. H. Choi, H. Y. Lee, D.-S. Han, and S. H. Han Prognostic value of elevated cardiac troponin I in ESRD patients with sepsis Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., May 1, 2009; 24(5): 1568 - 1573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Luciano, R. E. Marioni, A. J. Gow, J. M. Starr, and I. J. Deary Reverse Causation in the Association Between C-Reactive Protein and Fibrinogen Levels and Cognitive Abilities in an Aging Sample Psychosom Med, May 1, 2009; 71(4): 404 - 409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Ohshima, A. Petrov, S. Fujimoto, J. Zhou, M. Azure, D. S. Edwards, T. Murohara, N. Narula, S. Tsimikas, and J. Narula Molecular Imaging of Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Atherosclerotic Plaques of Mice Deficient in Apolipoprotein E or Low-Density-Lipoprotein Receptor J. Nucl. Med., April 1, 2009; 50(4): 612 - 617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Piconi, D. Trabattoni, C. Luraghi, E. Perilli, M. Borelli, M. Pacei, G. Rizzardini, A. Lattuada, D. H. Bray, M. Catalano, et al. Treatment of periodontal disease results in improvements in endothelial dysfunction and reduction of the carotid intima-media thickness FASEB J, April 1, 2009; 23(4): 1196 - 1204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Pecoits-Filho APPLYING TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN UNDERSTANDING COMPLICATIONS AND DEFINING TARGETS FOR INTERVENTION: INFLAMMATION IN PD AS A MODEL Perit. Dial. Int., March 1, 2009; 29(2): 135 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-i. Chen, S.-L. Kao, M.-H. Tsai, M.-S. Shiao, and C. J. Jen Exercise Training Modulates the Effects of Lipoproteins on Acetylcholine-Induced Endothelial Calcium Signaling in Rat Aortas Experimental Biology and Medicine, March 1, 2009; 234(3): 323 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Sanson, N. Auge, C. Vindis, C. Muller, Y. Bando, J.-C. Thiers, M.-A. Marachet, K. Zarkovic, Y. Sawa, R. Salvayre, et al. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins Trigger Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Vascular Cells: Prevention by Oxygen-Regulated Protein 150 Expression Circ. Res., February 13, 2009; 104(3): 328 - 336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. L.C. Chapple Potential Mechanisms Underpinning the Nutritional Modulation of Periodontal Inflammation J Am Dent Assoc, February 1, 2009; 140(2): 178 - 184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Verschuren, J. de Vries-van der Weij, S. Zadelaar, R. Kleemann, and T. Kooistra LXR agonist suppresses atherosclerotic lesion growth and promotes lesion regression in apoE*3Leiden mice: time course and mechanisms J. Lipid Res., February 1, 2009; 50(2): 301 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. N. Rathcke, F. Persson, L. Tarnow, P. Rossing, and H. Vestergaard YKL-40, a Marker of Inflammation and Endothelial Dysfunction, Is Elevated in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and Increases With Levels of Albuminuria Diabetes Care, February 1, 2009; 32(2): 323 - 328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Su, A. H. Miller, H. Snieder, J. D. Bremner, J. Ritchie, C. Maisano, L. Jones, N. V. Murrah, J. Goldberg, and V. Vaccarino Common Genetic Contributions to Depressive Symptoms and Inflammatory Markers in Middle-Aged Men: The Twins Heart Study Psychosom Med, February 1, 2009; 71(2): 152 - 158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Mora, K. Musunuru, and R. S. Blumenthal The Clinical Utility of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Cardiovascular Disease and the Potential Implication of JUPITER on Current Practice Guidelines Clin. Chem., February 1, 2009; 55(2): 219 - 228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Nambi, R. C. Hoogeveen, L. Chambless, Y. Hu, H. Bang, J. Coresh, H. Ni, E. Boerwinkle, T. Mosley, R. Sharrett, et al. Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Improve the Stratification of Ischemic Stroke Risk in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Stroke, February 1, 2009; 40(2): 376 - 381. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Straat, R. de Klark, S. Gredmark-Russ, P. Eriksson, and C. Soderberg-Naucler Infection with Human Cytomegalovirus Alters the MMP-9/TIMP-1 Balance in Human Macrophages J. Virol., January 15, 2009; 83(2): 830 - 835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P.C. Bennett, S. Silverman, P.S. Gill, and G.Y.H. Lip Ethnicity and peripheral artery disease QJM, January 1, 2009; 102(1): 3 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Sathiyapriya, H. Nandeesha, N. Selvaraj, Z. Bobby, A. Agrawal, and P. Pavithran Association Between Protein-Bound Sialic Acid and High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Essential Hypertension: A Possible Indication of Underlying Cardiovascular Risk Angiology, January 1, 2009; 59(6): 721 - 726. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. De Castro, E. Di Angelantonio, A. Celotto, M. Fiorelli, I. Passaseo, F. Papetti, S. Caselli, A. Marcantonio, A. Cohen, and N. Pandian Short-term evolution (9 months) of aortic atheroma in patients with or without embolic events: a follow-up transoesophageal echocardiographic study Eur J Echocardiogr, January 1, 2009; 10(1): 96 - 102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. MacNee, J. Maclay, and D. McAllister Cardiovascular Injury and Repair in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Proceedings of the ATS, December 1, 2008; 5(8): 824 - 833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Siekmeier, T. Grammer, and W. Marz Roles of Oxidants, Nitric Oxide, and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine in Endothelial Function Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, December 1, 2008; 13(4): 279 - 297. [Abstract] [PDF]

				B. Lamarche Review of the Effect of Dairy Products on Non-Lipid Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease J. Am. Coll. Nutr., December 1, 2008; 27(6): 741S - 746S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. W. J. Strachan, R. M. Reynolds, B. M. Frier, R. J. Mitchell, and J. F. Price The relationship between type 2 diabetes and dementia Br. Med. Bull., December 1, 2008; 88(1): 131 - 146. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Ammirati, A.-C. Vermi, D. Cianflone, M. Banfi, C. Foglieni, C. Godino, F. Airoldi, L. A. Ferri, C. L. Gorman, A. A. Manfredi, et al. Expansion of T-Cell Receptor {zeta}dim Effector T Cells in Acute Coronary Syndromes Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 2008; 28(12): 2305 - 2311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Wang, H. Chai, Z. Wang, P. H. Lin, Q. Yao, and C. Chen Serum amyloid A induces endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries and human coronary artery endothelial cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2008; 295(6): H2399 - H2408. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Shaw, A. Bobik, A. Murphy, P. Kanellakis, P. Blombery, N. Mukhamedova, K. Woollard, S. Lyon, D. Sviridov, and A. M. Dart Infusion of Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein Leads to Acute Changes in Human Atherosclerotic Plaque Circ. Res., November 7, 2008; 103(10): 1084 - 1091. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T Lanki, G Hoek, K L Timonen, A Peters, P Tiittanen, E Vanninen, and J Pekkanen Hourly variation in fine particle exposure is associated with transiently increased risk of ST segment depression Occup. Environ. Med., November 1, 2008; 65(11): 782 - 786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Sanchez-Quinones, F. Marin, V. Roldan, and G.Y.H. Lip The impact of statin use on atrial fibrillation QJM, November 1, 2008; 101(11): 845 - 861. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. S. Retelny, A. Neuendorf, and J. L. Roth Nutrition Protocols for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Nutr Clin Pract, October 1, 2008; 23(5): 468 - 476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Waksman, P. E. McEwan, T. I. Moore, R. Pakala, F. D. Kolodgie, D. G. Hellinga, R. C. Seabron, S. J. Rychnovsky, J. Vasek, R. W. Scott, et al. PhotoPoint Photodynamic Therapy Promotes Stabilization of Atherosclerotic Plaques and Inhibits Plaque Progression J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 16, 2008; 52(12): 1024 - 1032. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. P. Mack An Epigenetic Clue to Diabetic Vascular Disease Circ. Res., September 12, 2008; 103(6): 568 - 570. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Reddy, L. M. Villeneuve, M. Wang, L. Lanting, and R. Natarajan Role of the Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 in the Proinflammatory Phenotype of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells of Diabetic Mice Circ. Res., September 12, 2008; 103(6): 615 - 623. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Gardner, H. Tan, E. L. Hull, J. B. Lisauskas, S. T. Sum, T. M. Meese, C. Jiang, S. P. Madden, J. D. Caplan, A. P. Burke, et al. Detection of lipid core coronary plaques in autopsy specimens with a novel catheter-based near-infrared spectroscopy system. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., September 1, 2008; 1(5): 638 - 648. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. J. Ho, C. D. Owens, T. Longo, X. X. Sui, C. Ifantides, and M. S. Conte C-reactive protein and vein graft disease: evidence for a direct effect on smooth muscle cell phenotype via modulation of PDGF receptor-{beta} Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2008; 295(3): H1132 - H1140. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Steinfeld, R. Navon, D. Ardigo, I. Zavaroni, and Z. Yakhini Clinically driven semi-supervised class discovery in gene expression data Bioinformatics, August 15, 2008; 24(16): i90 - i97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Steinberg, C. K. Glass, and J. L. Witztum Evidence Mandating Earlier and More Aggressive Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia Circulation, August 5, 2008; 118(6): 672 - 677. [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Apostolakis and I. Koniari eComment: Statins decelerate the sclerosis progression of senile aortic valves in only selected cases Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, August 1, 2008; 7(4): 689 - 689. [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. T Fung, A. M Wilson, F. Zhang, N. Harris, K. A Edwards, J. W Olin, and J. P Cooke A biomarker panel for peripheral arterial disease Vascular Medicine, August 1, 2008; 13(3): 217 - 224. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. Zhang, S.-h. Zhou, S.-P. Zhao, Q.-m. Liu, X.-p. Li, and X.-Q. Shen Irbesartan attenuates Ang II-induced BMP-2 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells Vascular Medicine, August 1, 2008; 13(3): 239 - 245. [Abstract] [PDF]

				A. L. Hogh, J. Joensen, J. S. Lindholt, M. R. Jacobsen, and L. Ostergaard C-Reactive Protein Predicts Future Arterial and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Symptomatic Peripheral Arterial Disease Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, August 1, 2008; 42(4): 341 - 347. [Abstract] [PDF]

				F. A. Arain and L. T. Cooper Jr Peripheral Arterial Disease: Diagnosis and Management Mayo Clin. Proc., August 1, 2008; 83(8): 944 - 950. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Jahoor, R. Patel, A. Bryan, C. Do, J. Krier, C. Watters, W. Wahli, G. Li, S. C. Williams, and K. P. Rumbaugh Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Mediate Host Cell Proinflammatory Responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Autoinducer J. Bacteriol., July 1, 2008; 190(13): 4408 - 4415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Dumortier, D. N. Streblow, A. V. Moses, J. M. Jacobs, C. N. Kreklywich, D. Camp, R. D. Smith, S. L. Orloff, and J. A. Nelson Human Cytomegalovirus Secretome Contains Factors That Induce Angiogenesis and Wound Healing J. Virol., July 1, 2008; 82(13): 6524 - 6535. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Kintscher, M. Hartge, K. Hess, A. Foryst-Ludwig, M. Clemenz, M. Wabitsch, P. Fischer-Posovszky, T. F.E. Barth, D. Dragun, T. Skurk, et al. T-lymphocyte Infiltration in Visceral Adipose Tissue: A Primary Event in Adipose Tissue Inflammation and the Development of Obesity-Mediated Insulin Resistance Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2008; 28(7): 1304 - 1310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D Tousoulis, M Charakida, and C Stefanadis Endothelial function and inflammation in coronary artery disease Postgrad. Med. J., July 1, 2008; 84(993): 368 - 371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Bogaty, L. Boyer, S. Simard, F. Dauwe, R. Dupuis, B. Verret, T. Huynh, F. Bertrand, G. R. Dagenais, and J. M. Brophy Clinical utility of C-reactive protein measured at admission, hospital discharge, and 1 month later to predict outcome in patients with acute coronary disease. The RISCA (recurrence and inflammation in the acute coronary syndromes) study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 17, 2008; 51(24): 2339 - 2346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R A Pollitt, J S Kaufman, K M Rose, A V Diez-Roux, D Zeng, and G Heiss Cumulative life course and adult socioeconomic status and markers of inflammation in adulthood J Epidemiol Community Health, June 1, 2008; 62(6): 484 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Foglieni, F. Maisano, L. Dreas, A. Giazzon, G. Ruotolo, E. Ferrero, L. Li Volsi, S. Coli, G. Sinagra, B. Zingone, et al. Mild inflammatory activation of mammary arteries in patients with acute coronary syndromes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2008; 294(6): H2831 - H2837. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Alexanderson, A. Gomez-Leon, A. Vargas, J. L. Romero, C. Sierra Fernandez, M. Rodriguez Valero, L. Garcia-Rojas, A. Meave, and M.-C. Amigo Myocardial ischaemia in patients with primary APS: a 13N-ammonia PET assessment Rheumatology, June 1, 2008; 47(6): 894 - 896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. S. Sutton, D. R. Crosslin, S. H. Shah, S. C. Nelson, A. Bassil, A. B. Hale, C. Haynes, P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, J. M. Vance, D. Seo, et al. Comprehensive genetic analysis of the platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (PLA2G7) gene and cardiovascular disease in case-control and family datasets Hum. Mol. Genet., May 1, 2008; 17(9): 1318 - 1328. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Guldiken, S. Guldiken, B. Turgut, N. Turgut, M. Demir, Y. Celik, E. Arikan, and A. Tugrul The Roles of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein and Interleukin-6 Levels in Acute Atherothrombotic and Lacunar Ischemic Stroke Angiology, May 1, 2008; 59(2): 224 - 229. [Abstract] [PDF]

				N-E Thomas, J S Baker, M R Graham, S-M Cooper, and B Davies C-reactive protein in schoolchildren and its relation to adiposity, physical activity, aerobic fitness and habitual diet Br. J. Sports Med., May 1, 2008; 42(5): 357 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. F. Arenillas, J. Alvarez-Sabin, C. A. Molina, P. Chacon, I. Fernandez-Cadenas, M. Ribo, P. Delgado, M. Rubiera, A. Penalba, A. Rovira, et al. Progression of Symptomatic Intracranial Large Artery Atherosclerosis Is Associated With a Proinflammatory State and Impaired Fibrinolysis Stroke, May 1, 2008; 39(5): 1456 - 1463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. T. Fung, S. E. Chiuve, M. L. McCullough, K. M. Rexrode, G. Logroscino, and F. B. Hu Adherence to a DASH-Style Diet and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke in Women Arch Intern Med, April 14, 2008; 168(7): 713 - 720. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. L. Bentz and A. D. Yurochko Human CMV infection of endothelial cells induces an angiogenic response through viral binding to EGF receptor and {beta}1 and {beta}3 integrins PNAS, April 8, 2008; 105(14): 5531 - 5536. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Nation, J. A. Gonzales, A. J. Mendez, J. Zaias, A. Szeto, L. G. Brooks, J. Paredes, A. D'Angola, N. Schneiderman, and P. M. McCabe The Effect of Social Environment on Markers of Vascular Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipidemic Rabbit Psychosom Med, April 1, 2008; 70(3): 269 - 275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. D. Barish, A. R. Atkins, M. Downes, P. Olson, L.-W. Chong, M. Nelson, Y. Zou, H. Hwang, H. Kang, L. Curtiss, et al. PPAR{delta} regulates multiple proinflammatory pathways to suppress atherosclerosis PNAS, March 18, 2008; 105(11): 4271 - 4276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. J. F. Tietge, N. Nijstad, R. Havinga, J. F. W. Baller, F. H. van der Sluijs, V. W. Bloks, T. Gautier, and F. Kuipers Secretory phospholipase A2 increases SR-BI-mediated selective uptake from HDL but not biliary cholesterol secretion J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2008; 49(3): 563 - 571. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. H. Laughlin, S. C. Newcomer, and S. B. Bender Importance of hemodynamic forces as signals for exercise-induced changes in endothelial cell phenotype J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2008; 104(3): 588 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Caballero, K. Bousquet-Santos, L. Robles-Osorio, V. Montagnani, G. Soodini, S. Porramatikul, O. Hamdy, A. C.L. Nobrega, and E. S. Horton Overweight Latino Children and Adolescents Have Marked Endothelial Dysfunction and Subclinical Vascular Inflammation in Association With Excess Body Fat and Insulin Resistance Diabetes Care, March 1, 2008; 31(3): 576 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Omland, T. Ueland, A. M. Jansson, A. Persson, T. Karlsson, C. Smith, J. Herlitz, P. Aukrust, M. Hartford, and K. Caidahl Circulating osteoprotegerin levels and long-term prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 12, 2008; 51(6): 627 - 633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. N. Glaros, W. S. Kim, C. M. Quinn, W. Jessup, K.-A. Rye, and B. Garner Myriocin slows the progression of established atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E gene knockout mice J. Lipid Res., February 1, 2008; 49(2): 324 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H Pieringer, U Stuby, S Hargassner, and G Biesenbach Treatment with corticosteroids reduces arterial stiffness in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica as measured with pulse wave analysis Ann Rheum Dis, February 1, 2008; 67(2): 279 - 279. [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Nagel, K. Rapp, M. Wabitsch, G. Buchele, A. Kroke, I. Zollner, S. K. Weiland, and W. Koenig Prevalence and Cluster of Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Overweight and Obese Schoolchildren: Results from a Large Survey in Southwest Germany Clin. Chem., February 1, 2008; 54(2): 317 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. H. Buck, D. S. Liebeskind, J. L. Saver, O. Y. Bang, S. W. Yun, S. Starkman, L. K. Ali, D. Kim, J. P. Villablanca, N. Salamon, et al. Early Neutrophilia Is Associated With Volume of Ischemic Tissue in Acute Stroke Stroke, February 1, 2008; 39(2): 355 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Okamoto, E. J. Folco, M. Minami, A.K. Wara, M. W. Feinberg, G. K. Sukhova, R. A. Colvin, S. Kihara, T. Funahashi, A. D. Luster, et al. Adiponectin Inhibits the Production of CXC Receptor 3 Chemokine Ligands in Macrophages and Reduces T-Lymphocyte Recruitment in Atherogenesis Circ. Res., February 1, 2008; 102(2): 218 - 225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. F. Kircher, J. Grimm, F. K. Swirski, P. Libby, R. E. Gerszten, J. R. Allport, and R. Weissleder Noninvasive In Vivo Imaging of Monocyte Trafficking to Atherosclerotic Lesions Circulation, January 22, 2008; 117(3): 388 - 395. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Vidula, L. Tian, K. Liu, M. H. Criqui, L. Ferrucci, W. H. Pearce, P. Greenland, D. Green, J. Tan, D. B. Garside, et al. Biomarkers of Inflammation and Thrombosis as Predictors of Near-Term Mortality in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Cohort Study Ann Intern Med, January 15, 2008; 148(2): 85 - 93. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Ulucay, R. Demirbag, R. Yilmaz, D. Unlu, M. Gur, S. Selek, and H. Celik The Relationship Between Plasma C-Reactive Protein Levels and Presence and Severity of Coronary Stenosis in Patients With Stable Angina Angiology, January 1, 2008; 58(6): 657 - 662. [Abstract] [PDF]

				R. R. S. Packard and P. Libby Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: From Vascular Biology to Biomarker Discovery and Risk Prediction Clin. Chem., January 1, 2008; 54(1): 24 - 38. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Nachtigal, A. Ghaffar, and E. P. Mayer Galectin-3 Gene Inactivation Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesions and Adventitial Inflammation in ApoE-Deficient Mice Am. J. Pathol., January 1, 2008; 172(1): 247 - 255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Otter, M. Winter, W. Doering, E. Standl, and O. Schnell C-Reactive Protein in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Diabetes Care, December 1, 2007; 30(12): 3080 - 3082. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. J Hancox, R. Poulton, J. M Greene, S. Filsell, C. R McLachlan, F. Rasmussen, D R. Taylor, M. J A Williams, A. Williamson, and M. R Sears Systemic inflammation and lung function in young adults Thorax, December 1, 2007; 62(12): 1064 - 1068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. J. Murphy, B. C. Reeves, C. A. Rogers, S. I.A. Rizvi, L. Culliford, and G. D. Angelini Increased Mortality, Postoperative Morbidity, and Cost After Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Patients Having Cardiac Surgery Circulation, November 27, 2007; 116(22): 2544 - 2552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Mallika, B. Goswami, and M. Rajappa Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology and the Role of Novel Risk Factors: A Clinicobiochemical Perspective Angiology, November 1, 2007; 58(5): 513 - 522. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. Nylaende, A.J. Kroese, B. Morken, E. Stranden, G. Sandbaek, A.K. Lindahl, H. Arnesen, and I. Seljeflot Beneficial effects of 1-year optimal medical treatment with and without additional PTA on inflammatory markers of atherosclerosis in patients with PAD. Results from the Oslo Balloon Angioplasty versus Conservative Treatment (OBACT) study Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2007; 12(4): 275 - 283. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Haugen, I. P. Casserly, J. G. Regensteiner, and W. R. Hiatt Risk assessment in the patient with established peripheral arterial disease Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2007; 12(4): 343 - 350. [Abstract] [PDF]

				C. Patel, H. Ghanim, S. Ravishankar, C. L. Sia, P. Viswanathan, P. Mohanty, and P. Dandona Prolonged Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Activation after a High-Fat, High-Carbohydrate Meal in the Obese J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2007; 92(11): 4476 - 4479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. Sabatine, D. A. Morrow, M. O'Donoghue, K. A. Jablonksi, M. M. Rice, S. Solomon, Y. Rosenberg, M. J. Domanski, J. Hsia, and for the PEACE Investigators Prognostic Utility of Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 for Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2007; 27(11): 2463 - 2469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Cavusoglu, E. Kornecki, M. B. Sobocka, A. Babinska, Y. H. Ehrlich, V. Chopra, S. Yanamadala, C. Ruwende, M. O. Salifu, L. T. Clark, et al. Association of Plasma Levels of F11 Receptor/Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A (F11R/JAM-A) With Human Atherosclerosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 30, 2007; 50(18): 1768 - 1776. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Authors/Task Force Members, I. Graham, D. Atar, K. Borch-Johnsen, G. Boysen, G. Burell, R. Cifkova, J. Dallongeville, G. De Backer, S. Ebrahim, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts) Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2007; 28(19): 2375 - 2414. [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. M. Scirica, D. A. Morrow, C. P. Cannon, J. A. de Lemos, S. Murphy, M. S. Sabatine, S. D. Wiviott, N. Rifai, C. H. McCabe, E. Braunwald, et al. Clinical Application of C-Reactive Protein Across the Spectrum of Acute Coronary Syndromes Clin. Chem., October 1, 2007; 53(10): 1800 - 1807. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. H. Annex Is a Simple Biomarker for Peripheral Arterial Disease on the Horizon? Circulation, September 18, 2007; 116(12): 1346 - 1348. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. M. Wilson, E. Kimura, R. K. Harada, N. Nair, B. Narasimhan, X.-Y. Meng, F. Zhang, K. R. Beck, J. W. Olin, E. T. Fung, et al. {beta}2-Microglobulin as a Biomarker in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Proteomic Profiling and Clinical Studies Circulation, September 18, 2007; 116(12): 1396 - 1403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Kuji, T. Masaki, L. Li, and A. K. Cheung Expression of C-reactive protein in myointimal hyperplasia in a porcine arteriovenous graft model Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., September 1, 2007; 22(9): 2469 - 2475. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Ohayon, O. Dubreuil, P. Tracqui, S. Le Floc'h, G. Rioufol, L. Chalabreysse, F. Thivolet, R. I. Pettigrew, and G. Finet Influence of residual stress/strain on the biomechanical stability of vulnerable coronary plaques: potential impact for evaluating the risk of plaque rupture Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): H1987 - H1996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Joo, M. Kwon, R. T. Sadikot, P. J. Kingsley, L. J. Marnett, T. S. Blackwell, R. S. Peebles Jr, Y. Urade, and J. W. Christman Induction and Function of Lipocalin Prostaglandin D Synthase in Host Immunity J. Immunol., August 15, 2007; 179(4): 2565 - 2575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]