Circulation. 2001;104:2158-2163
doi: 10.1161/hc4301.098254
doi: 10.1161/hc4301.098254
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(Circulation. 2001;104:2158.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Sudden Cardiac Death in the United States, 1989 to 1998
From the Cardiovascular Health Branch, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga.
Correspondence to Dr Zhi-Jie Zheng, Cardiovascular Health Branch, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Mailstop K-47, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717. E-mail zzheng{at}cdc.gov
Background— Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a major clinical and public health problem.
Methods and Results— United States (US) vital statistics mortality data from 1989 to 1998 were analyzed. SCD is defined as deaths occurring out of the hospital or in the emergency room or as "dead on arrival" with an underlying cause of death reported as a cardiac disease (ICD-9 code 390 to 398, 402, or 404 to 429). Death rates were calculated for residents of the US aged 
35 years and standardized to the 2000 US population. Of 719 456 cardiac deaths among adults aged 35 years in 1998, 456 076 (63%) were defined as SCD. Among decedents aged 35 to 44 years, 74% of cardiac deaths were SCD. Of all SCDs in 1998, coronary heart disease (ICD-9 codes 410 to 414) was the underlying cause on 62% of death certificates. Death rates for SCD increased with age and were higher in men than women, although there was no difference at age 85 years. The black population had higher death rates for SCD than white, American Indian/Alaska Native, or Asian/Pacific Islander populations. The Hispanic population had lower death rates for SCD than the non-Hispanic population. From 1989 to 1998, SCD, as the proportion of all cardiac deaths, increased 12.4% (56.3% to 63.9%), and age-adjusted SCD rates declined 11.7% in men and 5.8% in women. During the same time, age-specific death rates for SCD increased 21% among women aged 35 to 44 years.
Conclusions— SCD remains an important public health problem in the US. The increase in death rates for SCD among younger women warrants additional investigation.
Key Words: death, sudden • heart diseases • mortality • epidemiology
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Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death--Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 5, 2006; 48(5): 1064 - 1108. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 5, 2006; 48(5): e247 - e346. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. P. Zipes, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death--executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2006; 27(17): 2099 - 2140. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Writing Committee Members, D. P. Zipes, A. J. Camm, M. Borggrefe, A. E. Buxton, B. Chaitman, M. Fromer, G. Gregoratos, G. Klein, A. J. Moss, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death) Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society Europace, September 1, 2006; 8(9): 746 - 837. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. H. Ong, J. P. Ornato, D. P. Edwards, H. S. Dhindsa, A. M. Best, C. S. Ines, S. Hickey, B. Clark, D. C. Williams, R. G. Powell, et al. Use of an automated, load-distributing band chest compression device for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitation. JAMA, June 14, 2006; 295(22): 2629 - 2637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Gerber, S. J. Jacobsen, R. L. Frye, S. A. Weston, J. M. Killian, and V. L. Roger Secular Trends in Deaths From Cardiovascular Diseases: A 25-Year Community Study Circulation, May 16, 2006; 113(19): 2285 - 2292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Cesario and G. W. Dec Implantable Cardioverter- Defibrillator Therapy in Clinical Practice J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 18, 2006; 47(8): 1507 - 1517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Sotoodehnia, D. S. Siscovick, M. Vatta, B. M. Psaty, R. P. Tracy, J. A. Towbin, R. N. Lemaitre, T. D. Rea, J. P. Durda, J. M. Chang, et al. {beta}2-Adrenergic Receptor Genetic Variants and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death Circulation, April 18, 2006; 113(15): 1842 - 1848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Aufderheide, M. F. Hazinski, G. Nichol, S. S. Steffens, A. Buroker, R. McCune, E. Stapleton, V. Nadkarni, J. Potts, R. R. Ramirez, et al. Community Lay Rescuer Automated External Defibrillation Programs: Key State Legislative Components and Implementation Strategies: A Summary of a Decade of Experience for Healthcare Providers, Policymakers, Legislators, Employers, and Community Leaders From the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Office of State Advocacy Circulation, March 7, 2006; 113(9): 1260 - 1270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. W. Israel and S. H. Hohnloser Automated external defibrillation in emergency medical systems: what has been achieved and where to go? Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2006; 27(5): 508 - 509. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Thom, N. Haase, W. Rosamond, V. J. Howard, J. Rumsfeld, T. Manolio, Z.-J. Zheng, K. Flegal, C. O'Donnell, S. Kittner, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2006 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): e85 - e151. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. M. Narayan T-Wave Alternans and the Susceptibility to Ventricular Arrhythmias J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 17, 2006; 47(2): 269 - 281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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