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(Circulation. 2001;104:1622.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.

Clinical Investigation and Reports

Effect of Clinical Risk Stratification on Cost-Effectiveness of the Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator

The Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study

Robert Sheldon, MD, PhD; Bernie J. O’Brien, PhD; Gordon Blackhouse, MBA; Ron Goeree, MA; Brent Mitchell, MD; George Klein, MD; Robin S. Roberts, MTech; Michael Gent, DSc; Stuart J. Connolly, MD; , for the Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS) Investigators

Cardiovascular Research Group, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (R.S., B.M.); the Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (B.J.O., G.B., R.G., R.S.R., M.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.J.C.), McMaster University; and the Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada (G.K.).

Correspondence to Dr Robert Sheldon, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada. E-mail sheldon{at}ucalgary.ca

Background— Three randomized clinical trials showed that implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) reduce the risk of death in survivors of ventricular tachyarrhythmias, but the cost per year of life gained is high. A substudy of the Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS) showed that 3 clinical factors, age 70 years, left ventricular ejection fraction 35%, and New York Heart Association class III, predicted the risk of death and benefit from the ICD. We estimated the extent to which selecting patients for ICD therapy based on these risk factors makes ICD therapy more economically attractive.

Methods and Results— Patients in CIDS were grouped according to whether they had 2 of 3 risk factors. Incremental cost-effectiveness of ICD therapy was computed as the ratio of the difference in mean cost to the difference in life expectancy between the 2 groups. Over 6.3 years, the mean cost per patient in the ICD group was Canadian (C) $87 715 versus $38 600 in the amiodarone group (C$1US$0.67). Life expectancy for the ICD group was 4.58 years versus 4.35 years for amiodarone, for an incremental cost-effectiveness of ICD therapy of C$213 543 per life-year gained. The cost per life-year gained in patients with 2 factors was C$65 195, compared with C$916 659 with <2 risk factors.

Conclusions— The cost-effectiveness of ICD therapy varies by patient risk factor status. The use of ICD therapy in patients who have 2 risk factors of age 70 years, left ventricular ejection fraction 35%, and NYHA class III is C$65 195 to gain a year of life.

Key Words: cost-benefit analysis • defibrillation • cardioversion • trials

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