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(Circulation. 2000;102:2276.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.

Basic Science Reports

Nitric Oxide Inhibits Dystrophin Proteolysis by Coxsackieviral Protease 2A Through S-Nitrosylation

A Protective Mechanism Against Enteroviral Cardiomyopathy

Cornel Badorff, MD; Birgit Fichtlscherer, PhD; Robert E. Rhoads, PhD; Andreas M. Zeiher, MD; Alexander Muelsch, PhD; Stefanie Dimmeler, PhD; Kirk U. Knowlton, MD

From the Molecular Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine IV (C.B., A.M.Z., S.D.), and Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology (B.F., A.M.), Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (C.B., K.U.K.); and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport (R.E.R.).

Correspondence to Cornel Badorff, MD, Molecular Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany. E-mail badorff{at}em.uni-frankfurt.de

Background—Infection with enteroviruses like coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) as well as genetic dystrophin deficiency can cause dilated cardiomyopathy. We recently identified cleavage and functional impairment of dystrophin by the viral protease 2A during CVB3-infection as a molecular mechanism that may contribute to the pathogenesis of enterovirus-induced cardiomyopathy. Nitric oxide (NO) is elevated in human dilated cardiomyopathy, but the relevance of this finding is unknown. In mice, NO inhibits CVB3 myocarditis. Therefore, we investigated the effects of NO on the coxsackieviral protease 2A.

Methods and Results—In vitro, NO donors like PAPA-NONOate inhibited the cleavage of human and mouse dystrophin by recombinant coxsackievirus B protease 2A in a dose-dependent manner (IC₅₀, 51 µmol/L). In CVB3-infected HeLa cells, addition of the NO donor SNAP inhibited protease 2A catalytic activity on dystrophin. Because this inhibitory effect was reversed by the thiol-protecting agent DTT, we investigated whether NO S-nitrosylates the protease 2A. In vitro, NO nitrosylated the active-site cysteine (C110) of the coxsackieviral protease 2A, as demonstrated by site-directed mutagenesis. Within living COS-7 cells, SNAP-induced S-nitrosylation of this site was confirmed with electron spin resonance spectroscopy.

Conclusions—These data demonstrate inactivation of a coxsackieviral protease 2A by NO through active-cysteine S-nitrosylation in vitro and intracellularly. Given that the enteroviral protease 2A cleaves mouse and human dystrophin, NO may be protective in human heart failure with an underlying enteroviral pathogenesis through inhibition of dystrophin proteolysis.

Key Words: cardiomyopathy • nitric oxide • viruses

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