(Circulation. 2000;101:1840.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Pressure-Derived Fractional Flow Reserve to Assess Serial Epicardial Stenoses
Theoretical Basis and Animal Validation
From the Cardiovascular Center, Aalst, Belgium; Department of Cardiology, Catharina Hospital and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands; Department of Physiology, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and the Weatherhead PET Center for Preventing and Reversing Atherosclerosis, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical School, Houston.
Correspondence to Bernard De Bruyne, MD, PhD, O.L.V.-Hospital, Cardiovascular Center, 164, Moorselbaan, 9300 Aalst, Belgium. E-mail bernard.de.bruyne{at}olvz-aalst.be
Background—Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is an index of stenosis severity validated for isolated stenoses. This study develops the theoretical basis and experimentally validates equations for predicting FFR of sequential stenoses separately.
Methods and Results—For 2 stenoses in series, equations were derived to predict FFR (FFRpred) of each stenosis separately (ie, as if the other one were removed) from arterial pressure (Pa), pressure between the 2 stenoses (Pm), distal coronary pressure (Pd), and coronary occlusive pressure (Pw). In 5 dogs with 2 stenoses of varying severity in the left circumflex coronary artery, FFRpred was compared with FFRapp (ratio of the pressure just distal to that just proximal to each stenoses) and to FFRtrue (ratio of the pressures distal to proximal to each stenosis but after removal of the other one) in case of fixed distal and varying proximal stenoses (n=15) and in case of fixed proximal and varying distal stenoses (n=20). The overestimation of FFRtrue by FFRapp was larger than that of FFRtrue by FFRpred (0.070±0.007 versus 0.029±0.004, P<0.01 for fixed distal stenoses, and 0.114±0.01 versus 0.036±0.004, P<0.01 for fixed proximal stenoses). This overestimation of FFRtrue by FFRapp was larger for fixed proximal than for fixed distal stenoses.
Conclusions—The interaction between 2 stenoses is such that FFR of each lesion separately cannot be calculated by the equation for isolated stenoses (Pd/Pa during hyperemia) applied to each separately but can be predicted by more complete equations taking into account Pa, Pm, Pd, and Pw.
Key Words: flow reserve • stenosis
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